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THE CAR- BUILDER'S DICTIONARY:
AN ILLUSTRATED VOCABULARY OF TERMS
WHICH DESIGNATE AMERICAN RAILROAD
CARS, THEIR PARTS AND ATTACHMENTS.
COMPILED FOR THE MASTER CAR- BUILDERS' ASSOCIATION
By Matthias N. Forney, Mechanical Engineer,
«.* ASSISTED BY
Leander Garey, Suft of the Car Deft, N. Y. Central & Hudson River Railroad, ;,. .
And Calvin A. Smith, Secretary of the Master Car-Builders' Assocutiioni-' •
PUBLISHED BY THE RAILROAD GAZETTE, No. 73 BROADWAY, NEW-YORK.
1879.
TF"
3 73
A 6
CCPYEIGHT :
THE R^ILROAX) GAZETTE.
1S79.
Plates made ty v .. t t
ATKIN & PRQtJTA c
rRKTErS- OF EOOKS ^T: NEWSPAPERS,
: 1:', Barclay sr., 'New York.
PREFACE.
Ever since the general interchange of cars among differ-
ent railroads, a great deal of inconvenience, confusion, and
delay has been caused to those who build and repair them
by the want of common names for the different parts of
cars. One part is known by one name at one place and by
quite different names at other places ; and, what causes
still worse confusion, a term often means one thing on one
road and quite a different tiling on another. A Draw-bar
is called a "Pull-iron " in one section, a " Shackle-bar " in
another, and in some of the Middle and Southern states it
is known by the euphonious name of a " Bull-nose." A
Journal-box in one place means the brass-bearing which.
rests on, and is exposed to, the friction of the axle-journai ;
at other places, it means the cast-iron box which incioses
the journal and its bearing and holds the lubricating mate-
rial. Numberless examples of a similar kind might be
given. The art of car-building, in fact, has grown more
rapidly than the language relating to it. Early in the his-
tory of the Master Car-Builders' Association this subject at-
tracted attention, and in 1871 a Committee was appointed
to prepare a " Dictionarjr of Terms used in Car-building." ■
This Committee originally consisted of eight or ten mem-
bers, who held a number of meetings without accomplish-
ing much, and it soon became apparent that it was too
unwieldy to do the work which had been undertaken. It
was finally narrowed down to those members of the Asso-
ciation whose names appear on the title page of this book,
who were courageous enough to undertake the task of coffin
pleting the work, probably, only because they were then
quite ignorant of its magnitude.
The first plan was to give, as far as possible, the names of
all the parts of ears and their synonyms in use in different
parts of the country. This, it was soon found, would make
the book much larger and the vocabulary more cumbersome
than seemed desirable, and, at the same time, would rather
add to than diminish the existing confusion. The Com-
mittee, therefore, determined to confine its labors chiefly
to selecting and assigning appropriate terms co those parts
and objects which are in common use, and which pertain
to railroad cars.
It should be noticed, too, that, to Supply the want which
demanded such a vocabulary, what might be called a
double dictionary is needed. Thus, supposing that a car-
builder in Chicago received an order for a Journal-box ;
by looking in an alphabetical list of words he could readily
find that term and. a description and definition of it. But
suppose that he wanted, himself, to order such castings from
the shop in Albany and did not know their name : it would
be impracticable for him to commence at A and look
through to Z, or until he found the proper term to desig-
nate that part. It was therefore necessary, in a dictionary
of this kind, to provide the most copious illustrations and
arrange tliem in some systematic way so that a person
could find a representation of any part of a car he might
have in mind, and from that illustration find the name.
The manner in whicn this want has been met is fully de-
scribed in tne Directions foe using the Dictionaby which
follow the preface.
The system of cross-references employed in " Knight's Me-
chanical Dictionary'' has also been adopted here. Thus, un-
der the term Axle there are references to " master car-
builders'' standard axle, muley axle, street-ear axle," etc.
Under the word Bar a list of various kinds of bars, such
as " arch-bar, draw-bar, guide-bar," etc., is given. This
will often aid very materially in finding terms.
Of the defects of the book, and its incompleteness, no one
can be so well informed as the Committee who are its
sponsors. Several years' time would be too little to devote
to the compilation of such a dictionary, if completeness
were aimed at ; and if more care could have been given to
the preparation of the material in the hook, it could have
been confined within considerably smaller limits, but at
the same time more thorough investigation would have
increased the vocabulary very much in other directions.
In fact, there is hardly a limit to the scope which such a
book might cover. It was at one time intended to include
the names of all the different materials used in car-build-
ing, and - good deal of data was collected for that purpose ;
but it was found that to do so would involve more time and
labor than the Committee could devote to it, and therefore
that part of the work had to be omitted.
Of the philological qualifications of the Committee for
their work, it perhaps need only be said, to disarm criticism,
that none of its members know? any ether language than the
one he inherited, and that very imperfectly. Two of
them are practical car-builders, one of them in charge of
the cars of one of the largest and most fully equipped roads
in the country ; and the compiler, during all the time that the
book was in preparation, was actively engaged in editing a
waekly technical paper. The only time any of the mem-
*XX"S of the Committee could give to the work was that
which could be eked out from his other duties. They are,
therefore, -compelled to submit their work to the public,
knowing its imperfection and how much it might be im-
proved if the requisite labor could be devoted to it. They
trust, however, it will prove useful in establishing a common
language where now there is well nigh a Babel of confusion.
One word more must be added to this long preface,
Possibly some persons may be found who will object to the
advertisements appended to the end of the book. The
reason for these is that the cost of preparing the engrav-
ings was so great that no publisher would have undertaken,
to issue the book for the proceeds of its sale alone, and the
treasury of the Car-Builders' Association was empty. In
this condition of things The Railroad Gazette proposed to
undertake the publication of the Dictionary at its own
expense, if the Car-Builders' Association would give the
privilege of publishing the advertisements. The proposi-
tion was accepted, and it is thought that readers and users
of the book will not find the advertisements any detriment;
to its usefulness, but rather an advantage.
DIRECTIONS
For Using the Car-builder's Dictionary.
When it is desired to find the meaning of a given
"word or term, refer to it in the alphabetical list
printed on tinted paper, where a definition or ex-
planation, similar to those contained in ordinary
dictionaries, and a reference to some engraving illus-
trating the object — if it is capable of such illus-
tration— will usually be found.
To find the name of a car or part of a car, let the
reader examine the list of the different classes of en-
gravings, in the index which follows these directions,
until he finds the class to which the object he is looking
for belongs. By referring to the engravings included
in that class, he will usually find a representation of the
object. If the engraving is of a single object, its name
will be found -indornoath, but if it consists of several or
many parts, these will each be numbered, and :; list of
the names of the parts arranged consecutively by their
numbers is given at the beginning of the class to
which the engraving belongs. If the list is not m the
same page, a running line over the engraving usually
refers to the page on which it can be found.
Thus, suppose a reader wants the name of the
longitudinal timbers under the floor of a freight car
nearest the centre. These form part of a freight-
car body. He therefore refers to " Freight-car
Bodies " in the index, and finds that they are repre-
sented in figs. 55-S7. In looking over these, it will
be seen that the timbers referred to are represented
in the plan, fig. 57, and the end view, fig. 5S, and are
numbered 4. The running line or. top reads, " For
list of names of the x>arts designated bit the numbers
in the engravings, see page 216." Turning to 216, he
will learn that the name given to the parts numbered
4 is " Centre Floor-timbers." If he wcints the name
of the piece of metal which rests on top of the journal
of an axle and resists its wear, he finds "Axles, Journal-
boxes, etc.," and refers to figs. 138 to 153. In figs. 138
and 139 the part he is looking for is numbered 7, and
in the list on page 278 its name is given as "Journal-
bearing." If the name of the attachment to car
window-sashes for holding them up is sought, the
reader would know that it belongs to the class desig-
nated "Window-furnishings," in the following index.
By looking over the engravings representing this
class of objects, figs. 308 and 309, which represent
this attachment, would soon be found, with its name,
" Window-latches," in the title below. The several
parts of a window-latch are also numbered in the
engravings, but as there are so few of them, the list
is given under the engraving.
Terms can also be found, if the general word under
which it is classed is known, by referring to the lat-
ter in the alphabetical list. Thus, to find the name of
the bearing which supports a car-body on each side of
the king-bolt of a truck, look under " Bearing," and in
the list will be found " Truck Side-bearing." In a
similar way, other terms may often be found from
these cross references.
It must be remembered, though, that this book does
not contain all the terms used by car-builders to
designate the parts of cars. If it did, it would be
many times its present size. All that was aimed at, in
compiling it, was to assign appropriate names to the
appliances and to the parts of cars in common use.
INDEX.
PAGE.
Alphabetical List of Terras 1-188
Axles, Wheels, Journal-boxes, etc 278-283
Baggage, Express, or Mail Car 195, 196
Baggage and Passenger Car 197
Baggage-trucks 215
Baker Car-beater 414-419
Bell-cord Fixtures 392, 393
Bodies, Freight-car 216-241
Bodies, Passenger-car 302-341
Bodies, Parts of Passenger-car 346, 347
Bolsters, etc 341-344
Bolts, Washers, etc 488
Boxes, Journals, etc 278-283
Brakes 420-428
Brake, Creamer 428, 429
Brake, Eames Vacuum 439
Brake, Smith Vacuum 433
PAGE.
Brake, Westinghouse 443-473
Brake, Westingbouse Driving-wheel 474-476
Car, Baggage, Express, or Mail 195, 196
Cars, Different Kinds 190-213
Cars, Freight 199-208
Cars, Hand 213, 483-487
Car, Mail 194
Cars, Passenger 190-193, 197, 198
Car, Passenger and Baggage 197
Cars, Sleeping 190, 365-367
Cars, Street 211, 212, 477-482
Cars, Work 209
Car-coupler, Janney 362-364
Car-heater, Baker 414419
Car-heater, Spear 410^13
Car-seats 383-38S
Car-springs 293-300
PAGE.
Car-tracks 242-277
Car-trucks, Details of 276, 277
Car-wheels 284-292
Car-windows 368-370
Coupler, Janney Car 362-364
Creamer-brake 428, 429
Details of Car-trucks 276, 277
Doors and Door-furnisMngs 402
Door-furnishings 402-404
Draw-gear 348-358
DriTing-wkeel Brake, Westinghouse 474-476
Eames Vacuum-brake 439
Express, Baggage, or Mail Car 195, 196
Fixtures, Bell-cord 392, 393
Freight-cars 199-208
Freight-car Bodies 216-241
Freight-car Roofs 227
Freight-car Trucks 244-261
Freight-trucks 214
Furnishings, Door 402-404
Furnishings, Passenger-car 389-391
Furnishings, Sleeping-car 376-382
Furnishings, Window. . . 371-374
Gear, Draw 348-358
PAGE.
Hand-cars 213, 483-487
Heater, Baker Car 414-419
Heaters, Spear 410-413
Janney Car-coupler 362-364
Journal-boxes, Wheels, Axles, etc 278-283
Lamps 394-401
Locks 405-407
Mail, Baggage, or Express Car 195, 196
Mail-car 194
Mail-catcher 348
Miller-platform 359-361
Parts of Passenger-car Bodies •. . . .346, 347
Passenger and Baggage Car 197
Passenger-cars 190-193, 197, 198
Passenger-car Bodies 302-341
Passenger-car Bodies, Parts of 340, 347
Passenger-car Furnishings 389-391
Passenger-car Steps 345
Passenger-car Trucks 262-275
Platform, Miller 359-361
Plow, Snow 210
Roofs, Freight-car 227
Screw-threads, Tools, etc 489, 490
Seats, Car : 382-388
PAGE.
Tracts, Passenger-car 263-275
Trusses 491
Vacuum-brake. 435
Vacuum-brake, Eames , 439
Vacuum-brake, Smith 433
Ventilators 375
Washers, Bolts, etc 488
Westinghouse-brake 443-473
Westinghouse Driving-wheel Brake 474-476
Wheels, Axles, Journal-boxes, etc 278-283
Wheels, Car 284-292
Windows, Car 3GS-370
Window-furnishings. . 371-374
Work-cars 209
PAGE.
Sleeping-cars. . . 365-367
Sleeping-car Furnishings - 376-382
Smith 'Vacuum-brake. - 433
Snow-plow. , , 210
Spear-heaters 410-413
Springs, Car 293-300
Steps, Passenger-car. 345
Stoves (See also Heaters) 408, 409
Street-cars , 211, 212, 477-482
Tools, Screw-threads, etc 489, 490
Trucks, Baggage 215
Trucks, Car , 242-277
Trucks, Freight '. 214
Tracks, Freight-car 244-261
AN INDEX TO ADVERTISEMENTS
In the added pages of the Car-builder's Dictionary.
Air Brakes : Page.
Westinghouse Air-Brake Co., Pittsburgh, Pa .19 20
Anvil- :
Fisher & Norris, Trenton, N. J 33
Axles :
Baugh Steam Forge Co., Detroit, Mich 57
Berwict Belling Mill Co., Berwick, Pa 13
Chicago Axle & Forge Co., Chicago, 111 72
Midvale Steel Works, Philadelphia, Pa 61
Pittsburgh Forge & Iron Co., Pittsburgh, Pa 82
Wilson, Walker & Co., Pittsburgh, Pa 6
Barbed Wire Fencing :
Washburn & Moen Manufacturing Co., Worcester, Mass 62
Bell Cord :
Wellington, Bros. &. Co.. Boston, Mass 65
Brakes :
Earoes Vacuum Brake Co., New York. 29
Brake-Shoes :
Congdon Brake-Shoe Co., Chicago, 111 64
3rusb.es :
John G. MeMurray & Co., New York 70
Cars :
W. C. Aiison & Co., Philadelphia, Pa 12 j
Barney & Smith Manufacturing Co., Dayton, O 84 (
Billtneyer & Small Co., York, Pa : 11 i
J.G. Brill & Co., Philadephia, Pa 17
Erie Car Works (Limited), Erie, Pa 78 i
Page.
Gilbert* Bush Co., Troy. N. Y ".>. „ 76
Gilbert Car Works, Buffalo, N. Y 76
Harlan & Hollingsworth Co.. Wilmington, Del 16
Harrisburg Car Manufacturing Co., Harrisburg, Pa 15
Jackson & Sharp Co., Wilmington Del 71
Jackson & Woodin Manufacturing Co., Berwick, Pa 13
Michigan Car Co., Detroit, Mich 57
Wason Manufacturing Co., Springfield, Mass 14
Car Forjrimgs :
Wilson, Walker & Co., Pittsburgh, Pa 6
Car Furnishings s
W. G. Creamer & Co., New York 58
Crerar, Adams & Co.. Chicago, Iil 28
J. L. Howard & Co., Hartford, Conn 62
A. G. Newman, New York 70
Post& Co., Cincinnati, O 27
L. G. Tillotson&Co., New York 48
Car Heaters:
Baker, Smith & Co., New York 68
Bissell & Co., Pittsburgh, Pa 65
James Spear, Philadelphia, Pa 45
Car Lamps :
Post & Co., Cincinnati, O 27
Car Seats :
Gardner & Co., New York 69
Sli
Page .
Car-seat Back and IBank Springs :
E. L. Bushnen, Poughkeepsie. N. Y 10
H. B. Cobb & Co., Wilmington, Del 55
Car-Shop Tools :
Billings & Spencer Co., Hartford, Conn 76
Goodell & Waters, Philadelphia, Pa 54
Car and Switch Locks :
Post & Co., Cincinnati, O 27
Ronier&Co., Newark, N.J 68
Car Trucks:
Thielson Track Co., Chicago, HI 56
Car Ventilators :
John S. Hulin, New York 59
Car- Wheels :
Baltimore Car-Wheel Co., Baltimore, Md '. . 37
Barney & Smith Mfg. Co., Dayton, O 84
Barnum & Richardson Manufacturing Co., Chicago, 111 42
Barnum Richardson Co., Lime Rock, Conn 41
J. H. Bass, Chicago, 111 39
Bass Foundry & Machine Works, Fort Wayne, Ind 40
Cayuta Wheel & Foundry Co. , Waverly, N. Y 51
Detroit Car- Wheel Co., Detroit, Mich 57
Davenport, Fairbairn & Co., Erie, Pa 78
Ensign Manufacturing Co., Huntington, WestVa 42
Hudson Paper Car- Wheel Co., Hudson, N. Y 46
Lobdell Car- Wheel Co.. Wilmington, Del 63
Chas. A. Peck's Son, New York 43
Thos. Prosser & Son, New York 29
Kamapo Wheel &. Foundry Co., Ramapo, N. Y 64
Bocbester Car-Wheel Works, Rochester, N. Y 73
Page.
Russel Wheel & Foundry Co. , Detroit, Mich - 75
Taylor Iron Works, High Bridge, N. J 80
J. Thomas & Son, Indianapolis, Ind 45
A. Whitney & Sons, Philadelphia, Pa '. 38
j Cliarcoal I*i£-Iron :
Barnum Richardson Co.. Lime Rock, Conn. 41
Cushioned Helve Hammers :
Bradley & Co., Syracuse, N. Y 76
5>raw-Bars :
Continuous Draw-Bar Co., Cincinnati, O 31
Griffith, Patterson & Middleton, Cincinnati, O 32
N. & A. Middleton & Co., Philadelphia, Pa 66
J. B. Safford, Buffalo, N. Y 30
Wilson, Walker & Co., Pittsburgh, Pa 6
Engravings :
Photo-Engraving Co., New York 36
| Flexible Shafts :
Stow Flexible Shaft Co., Limited, Philadelphia, Pa 79
Hand-Cars :
G. S. Sheffield & Co., Three Rivers, Mich 78
Hose (Rubber) :
Cleveland Rubber Co., Cleveland, O 49
Hydraulic Jacks :
Richard Dudgeon. New York 43
Interlocking Signals :
Toucey & Buchanan Interlocking Switch Co., Harrisburg, Pa.. 26
Iron Pipe :
Edward Barr, New York 79
Jacks :
Joyce & Cridland, Dayton, O 8
xm
Page.
Journal-Bearings :
D. A. HOPKINS, New York.
Self-fitting: Bearings 1,2
Self -aligning Bearings 3
Combination, cheap, Bearings 4
George R. Meneely& Co., West Troy, N. Y 5
. Phosphor-Bronze SmeltiDg Co., Philadelphia, Pa 67
Paul S. Reeves, Philadelphia, Pa 77
Journal-Box Lids :
Hewitt Bos-Lid Co.. Chicago, HI 56
Locomotives :
Baldwin Locomotive Works, Philadelphia, Pa 24
Machinists' Tools :
Wni. Sellers & Co., Philadelphia, Pa 44
Malleable Iron Castings :
Cleveland Malleable Iron Co., Cleveland, 0 71
McConway, Torley & Co., Pittsburgh, Pa 74
Nnts and Bolts :
Hoopes & Townsend, Philadelphia, Pa 34
Nut-Locks :
Metealf, Paul & Co., Pittsburgh, Pa 79
Oil (Lubricating) :
Plumbago Oil Co., Rochester, N. Y 21
Packing (Sheet, Round and Square) :
Cleveland Rubber Co., Cleveland, O 49
Padlocks :
D. K Miller Lock Co., Philadelphia, Pa 60
Romer& Co.. Newark, N. J gS
Paint :
Iron-Clad Paint Co., Cleveland, O 25
Page.
Power Hammers:
Philip S. Justice, Philadelphia, Pa 72
Railroad Publications :
National Car-Builder, New York 70
Railroad Gazette, New York and Chicago 76
Railway Purchasing Agent, Chicago, 111 71
Railway Review, Chicago, 111 71
Railroad Supplies :
E. J. Brooks & Co., New York 74
Crerar, Adams & Co., Chicago, III 28
W. C. Duyckinek, New York 79
Morgan & Herrick, New York 75
Post & Co., Cincinnati, 0 27
H. A. Rogers, New York 73
L. G. Tillotson & Co., New York. . , 48
Refrigerator Cars :
Tiffany Refrigerator Car Co. , Chicago, 111 7
Rolling Mills :
Wilson, Walker & Co., Pittsburgh, Pa 6
Rubber Goods :
Cleveland Rubber Co., Cleveland, 0 49
Rubber Steps :
Rubber-Step Manufacturing Co., Boston, Mass 79
Springs :
Columbia Car-Spring Co., New York 71
Culmer Spring Co., Pittsburgh, Pa 47
Detroit Car-Spring Co., Detroit, Mich 59
Diamond State Car-Sprirg Co., Wilmington, Del 53
A. French & Co., Pittsburgh, Pa 83
Gautier Steel Co., Limited, Johnstown, Pa 75
Jimes Jeffries & Sons, Philadelphia, Pa 77
Page.
Springs (Continued) :
N. & A. Middleton & Co. (Limited), Philadelphia, Pa 66
Miller, Metcalf & Parkin, Pittsburgh, Pa 50
National Car-Spring Co., New York 58
Charles W. Pickering & Co. , Philadelphia, Pa 78
Charles Scott, Philadelphia, Pa 52
Springs (Rnbberi :
Cleveland Bubber Co., Cleveland, O 49
Steel Castings:
Chester Steel-Casting Co., Philadelphia, Pa 74
Steel :
Midvale Steelworks, Philadelphia, Pa 61
Nashua Iron & Steel Co., Nashua, N. H., and Boston, Mass 67
Miller, Metcalf & Parkin, Pittsburgh, Pa 50
Thomas Prosser & Son, New York 29
Bandall & Jones', Boston, Mass 75
Standard Steel Works. Philadelphia, Pa 61
Steel-Tired Car- Wheels :
Thomas Prosser & Son, New York 29
Steeline :
Bauer & Co., New York 78
Taps and. IMes :
Pratt & Whitney Co. , Hartford, Conn 35
Telegraph Supplies :
L. G. Tillotson & Co., New York 48
Tube Expanders :
Eichard Dudgeon. New York 43
Thomas Prosser & Son, New York 29
Page.
Varnish :
John Babcock & Co., Boston, Mass 74
Clarence Brooks & Co., New York 81
Murphy & Co., Newark, N. J., and Cleveland, 0 18
Parrott Varnish Co., Bridgeport, Conn 75
C. C. Eeed & Co. , New York 77
Edward Smith & Co., New York 72
Thresher & Co., Dayton, O 23
Valentine & Co., New York 60
Veneers :
G. W. Eead & Co., New York 78
Weather Strips :
Patent Metallic Weather Strip Co., New York 72
Wrhite Load :
John Jewett & Sons, New York 22
Wood Filling :
Bridgeport Wood Finishing Co., New York 69
Wood-working Machinery :
J. A. Fay & Co., Cincinnati, 0 9
Goodell & Waters, Philadelphia, Pa 54
J. S. Graham & CoJEochester, N. Y 78
Lane & Bodley Co., Cincinnati, O 51
Putnam Machine Co., Fitchburg, Mass 79
C. B. Bogers& Co., New York 73
S. A. Woods Machine Co., Boston, New York and Chicago 73
Wrenches :
L. Coes &Co., Worcester, Mass 63
A DICTIONARY OF TEEMS
USED IN
CAR-BUILDING.
ADJ
Adjustable-globe Lamp. A lamp with a globe-chimney,
which can be raised or lowered so as to adjust its position
to suit the height of the globe. See fig. 475.
Air-brake. A system of continuous brakes which are
applied and operated by compressed air. The air is com-
pressed by some form of pump on the locomotive, and is
conveyed, by pipes and flexible hose between the cars, to
cylinders and pistons under each car, oy which the press-
ure is transmitted to the brake levers, and thence to the
brake-shoes. See Westinghouse Air-brake. Westing-
house Automatic Air-brake. Loughridge Air-brake.
Air-cylinder, for Engine and Air-pump of Westinghouse
Brake. A hollow cast-iron cylinder, which is accurately
bored out on the inside to receive a piston, the action of
which compresses the air required to operate the brakes.
The piston in the air-cylinder is connected with and is
worked by the piston in the steam-cylinder. See 5, figs.
664, 665, and fig. 669.
Air-cylinder Head, for Engine and Air-pump for West-
inghouse Brake. A cast-iron cover for the lower end of
AIR
the air-cylinder of an air-pump for a Westinghouse
Brake. See 6, figs. 664. 665. and fig. 670.
Air-gauge, for Westinghouse Brake. An instrument for
indicating the pressure of air in the reservoir of a West-
inghouse Brake. It is similar to an ordinary steam-press-
ure gauge. See fig. 738.
Air-piston, for Air-pump of Westinghouse Brake. An
arrangement of a cast-iron disk, with packing rings, etc.,
made so as to fit air tight and work up and down in the
air-cylinder of a pump for a Westinghouse Brake. The
air-pistons and steam-pistons of engines and air-pumps
are generally alike in size and construction. See 8, fig..
665 and fig. 672.
Air-piston Head, for Air-pump of a Westinghouse Brake.
A short cast-iron solid cylinder or disk, with grooves
turned in the edge to receive packing-rings, and which
forms the main portion Of a piston of an air-pump of a
Westinghouse Brake. Same as 7', fig. 665.
Air-pump and Engine complete, for Westinghouse Brake.
See Engine and Air-Pump.
Am
ARM
Air-strainer, of Air-pump for Westinghouse Brake. A
funnel-shaped mouth-piece on the end of the air-receiving
pipe, with a wire netting, or a perforated plate over its
mouth to exclude dirt, insects, etc., from the pump. See
5, fig. 655 and fig. 698.
Aisle. A longitudinal passage way through a passenger
car, between the seats. See figs. 216 and 220.
Aisle Seat-end. The end or arm of a transverse seat of a
passenger car next the aisle. See 123, figs. 215-229 ; 2,
fig. 400 and 3, fig. 401. See also Wall Seat-end.
Alcove. A recess. See Faucet-alcove. Lamp-alcove.
Water-alcove.
Alcove Cup- holder. A metal receptacle in a faucet-alcove
to hold a drinking-cup or tumbler. See 5, fig. 426.
Alcove-faucet. A faucet placed in a water-alcove, and
which is connected with a water-cooler, from which
water may he drawn for drinking. See 3, fig. 426.
Alcove-front. See Water-alcove Front.
Alcove-lamp. A lamp placed in a recess in the side of a
car. Also called a Panel-lamp, as it is sometimes covered
by a panel. They are used chiefly in sleeping-cars. See
27, fig. 492.
Alcove-lamp Reflector. A plate with a polished surface
placed at the side or back of an alcove-lamp, to reflect the
light into the car. See 25, fig. 492.
Alcove-pan or Bottom. See Water Alcove-pan or Bottom.
Anti-clinker Car-heater. See Spear Anti-clinker Car-
heater.
Anti-clinker Grate. A stove grate placed below the fire-
pot so as to leave an annular opening between the two
through which the clinkers can be raked out from the
fire. See 18, fig. 554.
Apron, See Door-apron. Roof-apron.
Arbor. See Door-latch Arbor.
Arch. See Truss-arch.
Arch-bar. A bent wrought-iron bar which forms the com-
pression member of a truss of an iron side-frame of a
truck. See 14, figs. 95-114.
See Auxiliary Arch-bar. Centre-bearing Inverted-
Centre-bearing Arch-bar. arch-bar.
Inverted Arch-bar.
Arched Roof. A roof, the surface of which is of an arched
or curved form. See figs. 58 and 59.
Arm. See Berth-arm. Seat-back Arm.
Lamp-arm. Striker-arm.
Seat-arm. Top-arm.
Arm-cap. A metal-plate wooden - cap, or piece of up-
holstery with which the top of a seat-end, arm-rest or
chair-arm is covered and intended to afford a comfortable
rest for the arms of passengers. See 16, fig. 401 and fig.
410.
Armor. See Brake-hose Armor.
ASM i
Armored Brake-hose. Brake-hose covered with a woven
wire fabric, to protect it from injury or abrasion. See
fig. 726.
Arm-pivot. See Seat-back Arm-pivot.
Arm-plate. See Seat-back Arm-plate.
Arm-rest. A wooden or metal bar or ledge attached to
the side of a car for passengers to rest their arms on.
See, also, Seat-back Arm-rest. See 26, fig. 298; 39, fig.
299.
Ash-pit. The space into which the ashes of a stove or
heater fall. See 1, fig. 544; 13, fig. 554.
Ash-pit, for a Baker Heater. An annular iron casting or
plate which rests on top ot the bottom plate, and forms a
chamber for receiving the ashes in a Baker heater. See
2, fig. 581 and fig. 583.
Ash-pit Base, for a Spear Heater. A cast-iron case or
vessel upon which the fire-pot rests, and which forms the
ash-pit or receptacle for the ashes. See 13, fig. 554, and
fig. 56S.
Ash-pit Door, for a Baker Heater. A small sheet-iron
plate with a suitable handle and which forms a door for
an ash-pit of a Baker heater. See fig. 588.
Ash-pit Door, for a Spear Heater. One of a pair oi doors
fcr closing the opening leading to an ash-pit base. See
24, figs. 551-553 and fig. 565.
Ash-pit Door-handle, for a Baker Heater. A wrought-
ATJX
iron bar; bent so as to form a handle for an ash-pit door,
to which it is riveted. See fig. 59S.
Ash-pit Front, for a Spear Heater. A cast-iron plate
which covers the opening in the front of an ash-pit base,
and which has suitable doors attached, for admitting air
to the fire and for removing the ashes. See 23, figs. 551,
-553 and fig. 565.
Atraospheric-brake. See Air-brake.
Automatic Air-brake. See Westinghouse Automatic,
Air-brake.
Automatic Lubricator, for Steam-pump of Westinghouse
Brake. A metal cup with automatic feeding apparatus,
attached to the steam-cylinder of a "Westinghouse air-
pump for lubricating its piston. See fig. 741.
Automatic Ventilator. A ventilator which is self-adjust-
ing, so as to exhaust air from a car if the train runs
in either direction. See figs. 347 and 348.
Auxiliary Arch-bar. A wrought-iron bar attached to the
under side of the journal-boxes, and which forms the
lower member of an iron truck side-frame. In some
cases such arch-bars are made with transverse pieces
which extend across from one frame to the other under
the transoms as shown at 16, figs. 108-111.
Auxiliary Buffer-spring. A spring placed back of a draw-
spring to give greater resistance to compression on the
draw-bar in buffing. See 6, figs. 257 and 259.
ATJX
AXL
Auxiliary Draw-bar Follower-plates. Iron plates which
bear against the ends of an auxiliary buffer-spring. One
plate of this kind bears against each end of the auxil-
iary buffer spring. Part of the pressure on the draw-
bar is transmitted to the auxiliary spring by these
plates. See 15, figs. 257 and 259.
Auxiliary Reservoir, for Westinghouse Automatic Air-
brake. A cylindrical reservoir made of sheet iron, which
is attached to the under side of a car or tender to hold a
supply of compressed air to operate the brakes of that
car. See 1, figs 661 and 663.
Auxiliary Reservoir-bands, for Westinghouse Auto-
matic Brake. Iron bands by which the auxiliary res-
ervoir is attached to the under side of a car. See 21,
fig. 661.
Auxiliary Reservoir-beams, for Westinghouse Auto-
matic Brake. Short wooden timbers, bolted to the un-
der side of the longitudinal floor-timbers of a car, and
to which the auxiliary reservoir is attached. See 22, figs.
661 and 663.
Auxiliary-reservoir Nipple, for Westinghouse Auto-
matic Brake. A short pipe by which the triple valve is
connected with the auxiliary reservoir. See 23, fig.
661.
Axle. See Car-axle. Master Car-builders'
Hammered Axle. Standard Axle.
2Iuley-axle. Standard Car-axle.
Boiled Axle. Street-car Axle.
Axle-box. A Journal-box, which see.
Axle-collar. A rim or enlargement on the end of a car-
axle, which takes the end thrust of the journal-bearing.
Sometimes called a button. See 5, fig. 143.
Axle-packing. A Dust-guard, which see. The waste and
oil or grease or journal-packing is often called axle-pack-
ing.
Axle Safety-bearing. A bar of iron bent into a shape re-
sembling somewhat an inverted letter fj . and bolted to a
safety-beam of a truck above an axle so as to act as a
bearing for the latter in case it should break. See 54,
figs. 115, 118 and 120.
Axle-safety-bearing Thimbles. Cast-iron thimbles which
serve the purpose of distance pieces for attaching a
safety-strap to a safety-beam. They are used in place
of safety-beam blocks. See 56, figs 118, 120 and 123.
Axle Safety-strap. A bar of iron attached to a safety-
beam of a truck, underneath an axle, so as to hold it in
its place and prevent accident in case of the breakage of
the latter. See 55, figs 106, 115, US, 120, 123, 128 and 129.
Axle-seat. The hole in a car-wheel which receives the
axle. More properly, it is the inside surface of this hole
which comes in contact with the axle, and not the holo
itself.
BAC I
Back. See Scat-back. Slat Seat-back.
Back-arm. See Seat-back Arm.
Back Cylinder-head, for Westinghovse Car-brake. A
circular cast-iron plate or cover for the end of a brake
cylinder and which has an opening in the centre through
which the piston-rod works. See 4, figs. 729 and 730.
For convenience of designation, the end of the cylinder
opposite to the piston-rod is called the front end, and that
adjoining the piston-rod the back end.
Back Cylinder-head, for Westinghouse Tender-brake. Same
as above for cylinder of tender-brake. See 4, figs. 727
and 728.
Back Seat-bottom Bail. A horiaontal wooden strip at the
back edge of a longitudinal seat, to which a wooden seat-
bottom is attached. See 38, fig. 752. See also Fro:it
Seat-bottom rail.
Back Seat-rail. A longitudinal strip of wood which ex-
tends along the back edge of the seats of street-cars and
is fastened to the window-posts. See 39, fig. 752.
Baggage Barrow-truck. A vehicle which runs on two
wheels, and with a long sloping or curved back for car-
rying baggage and moving it by hand about railroad sta-
tions. See figs. 53 and 54.
Baggage-car. A car for carrying the baggage of passen-
gers on railroads. Such cars are therefore adapted to
carrying heavy loads at high speeds in passenger trains.
BAH
See figs. 6, 7 and 8. Also see Combined Baggage and
Express or Mail Car, Push Baggage-car.
Baggage-truck. See Baggage Barrow-tnick, fig. 53 and
54. Baggage Wagon-truck, fig. 52.
Baggage Wagon-truck. A four-wheeled vehicle with a-
suitable frame or rack for carrying baggage, and used
for moving the latter by baud about railroad stations.
See fig. 52.
Baker Car-heater. A stove invented and patented by
Mr. "Win. C. Baker for warming cars. It is arranged so
as to heat water in a coil of pipe in the inside of the
stove, and cause it to circulate through a series of pipes
laid near the floor of the car. See figs. 580 and 581.
Ball. See Safety-valve Ball for Baker Car-heater.
Band. See Auxiliary Reser- Guard-band.
voir-band. Platform-timber Band.
Belt-rail Band. Seat-back Band.
Comer-band. Spring-band.
Door-guard Band. Tank-band.
Bar. See Body-bolster Com- Center -bearing Arch-
pression-bar. bar.
Body-bolster Tension- Center-bearing Inverted-
bar. Arch-bar.
Bolt Draw-bar. Compression Bar.
Buffer-bar. Cross-bar.
BAR
BAS
Draw-bar. Roeking-bar.
Draw-timber Tie-bar. Shackle-bar.
Equalizing-bar. Side-bearing Arch-bar.
Grate-bar. Tension-bar.
Guide-bar. Tie-bar.
Pedestal Tie-bar. Transom Tie-bar.
Truck-bolster Guide-bar.
Bar-lift. See Window Bar-lift.
Barrel Door-bolt. A door-bolt made of a round metal bar
and held on its slide in a round tube or " barrel.'' It is
constructed so that when it is either engaged or disengaged
from its keeper, it can be turned by a short lever or
knob, and held in either position by suitable stops. See
fig. 516.
Barrel Seat-lock. A lock contained in a cylindrical case
or barrel, which is attached to a seat-end to prevent the
seat from being reversed. See fig. 432.
Barrow-truck. This term has been adopted to designate
two-wheeled vehicles used about railroads for moving
freight and baggage by hand. See . Freight Barrow-
truck, fig. 51, and Baggage Barrow-truck, figs. 53 and 54.
Base. See Ash-pit Base. Revolving-chair-stand Base.
Windoiu-moulding Base.
Base-plate, for a Spear Heater. A cast-iron cylindrical
ring, which forms the bottom part of the heater. It has
suitable openings through which cold air enters or
warmed air escapes, and other openings with doors to
admit air to the fire and remove the ashes from the ash-
pit. See 21, figs. 550-554, and figs. 558 and 573.
Base-plate Screen, for a Spear Heater. A perforated cast-
iron plate or grating for covering the air opening of a
base-plate. See fig. 569.
Base-washer, for Platform-post. A metal ring or plate at
the bottom of a platform-rail post of a passenger or street-
car, and which forms a bearing for the post on the plat-
form timber. See 40, figs. 215, 217, 219, 223 and 228 ;
109, figs. 750, 751 and 753.
Basin. A hollow vessel made of porcelain or metal, and
in cars usually fixed in a suitable stand with pipes and
other attachments for filling it with water and emptying-
it. Such basins are used as lavatories in sleeping and
other passenger, cars. See 5, fig. 424.
Basin-chain. A chain by which a basin-plug is fastened to
the wash-stand. See 4, fig. S83.
Basin-chain Holder. A staple or stanchion by which a
basin-plug and chain are fastened to a wash-stand.
See 3, fig. 383.
Basin-couplings. A socket and ring or nut for attaching
a pipe to the bottom of a wash-basin. See fig. 384.
Basin-plug. A plug or stopper for closing the opening
in the bottom of fixed or stationary wash-basins. See 5,
BAS
BEA
Basket-rack. A frame or receptacle made of metal rods or
a combination of rods and wire netting for holding par-
cels or other light articles. Such racks are attached to
the sides of passonger cars above the heads of the passen-
gers, so as to bo out of the way. See 145, figs. 215, 218,
and fig. 430.
Basket-rack Bracket. A light metal or wooden sup-
port for the end or centre of a basket-rack. See 1, fig. 430.
Basket-rack Netting. Wire netting with very large
meshes which forms part of a basket-rack for holding
small articles. See 2, fig. 430.
Basket-rack Hod. A small round metal bar which is at-
tached to brackets and forms the main portion of a basket-
rack and to which the netting, when it is used, is fastened.
See 3, fig. 430.
Basket-rack Tip. An ornamental knob or boss attached
to the end of a basket-rack rod. See 4, fig. 430.
Batten, ' ' A piece of board or scantling of a few inches in
breadth." — Webster.
Beam. " The term Beam is generally applied to any piece
of material of considerable scantling, whether subject to
transverse strain or not ; as for example, ' Collar-beam,'
'Tie-beam,' 'Bressummer-beam,' the two former being
subject to longitudinal strains of compression and ten-
sion respectively, and the latter to transverse strain."—
Stoney.
1. "Any large piece of timber, large in proportion to
its thickness, and squared or hewed for use." — Webster.
2. A bar of metal of similar proportions is also called a
beam.
3. "A bar supported at two points and loaded in a
direction perpendicular or oblique to its length is called
a beam." — Rankine.
By analogy, the term has of late years come to be ap-
plied to similar pieces or bars of iron. Thus we have
I-beams, and deck-beams made out of iron, to take the
place of wooden beams in buildings. The term is also
used 'to designate such things as the beam of a balance or
scales, a ploiu-beam, the walking-beam of a steam-engine.
brake-beam, etc.
See Auxiliary-reservoir
Beam.
Brake-beam.
Buffer-beam,
Buffer-spring Beam.
Centre-beam.
Compression-beam.
Drop-door Beam.
Floor-beam.
Middle Safety beam.
Needle-beam.
Platform-truss Beam.
Safety-beam.
Spring-beam.
Suspender-beam.
Swing-beam.
Truss-beam.
Trussed Brake-beam.
Bearing. That which supports or rests on something, and
is in contact with it. Thus a block or stone on which the
end of a timber rests is called a bearing The metal
BEA
BEL
block or bushing in contact with a journal is called a
bearing.
See Axle Safety-bearing. Master Car-builders'
Body Truss-rod Bearing. Standard Journal-bear-
Brake-hanger Bearing. ing.
Brake-shaft Bearing. Rocker-bearing.
Centre-bearing. Rocker Side-bearing.
Crank-shaft Bearing. Safety-beam Tr u s s-rod
Cup Side-bearing. Bearing.
Dust-guard Bearing. Side-bearing.
Half-elliptic-spring Bear- Spring-plank Bearing,
ing. Stop Journal-bearing.
Hopikins' Journal -bear- Stop -key Journal -bear-
ing, ing.
Journal-bearing. Swing-hanger-pivot Bear-
Lead-lined Journal-bear- ing.
ing. Truck -bolster Truss -rod
Lever- sliaft Bearing. Bearing.
Lower Brake-shaft Bear- Truck Side-bearing,
ing. Truss-rod Bearing.
Upper Brake-shaft Bearing.
Bearing-block. See Transverse Bearing-block.
Bell See Recording-bell. Signal-bell. Smoke BeU.
Bell-cord. A rope, one end of which is attached to a sig-
nal-bell on the engine, and which extends along the tops
of the cars the whole length of the train, and is osed for
signaling to the locomotive runner. On freight trains, it
is placed on the outside, and on top of the roofs of the
cars, but in passenger trains it is attached to the rafters
or purlins by suitable supports, on the inside of the cars.
On passenger trains, the bell-cord is made of lengths
equal to that of each car, and is fastened together with
suitable couplings. Bell-cord is made of flax, hemp and
sometimes of leather, and is known by the following
names in trade : Bell-cord, brass-wire covered ; Bell-
cord, fancy braided ; Bell-cord, Flaxen ; Bell-cord, Italian
hemp ; Bell-cord, solid leather.
Bell-cord, Bevelled-bushing. A thimble for lining a hole
in an inclined surface through which a bell-cord passes.
See fig. 456.
Bell-cord Bushing. A thimble for lining a hole through
which a bell-cord passes. See figs 454^56.
Bell-cord Bushing, with Pulley. A bell-cord bushing with
a sheave or pulley attached, over which the bell-cord
runs. See fig. 455.
Bell-cord Coupling. A hook which is attached to the end
of a bell-cord, for the purpose of connecting it to the end of
another cord having a similar hook. See fig. 467.
Bell-cord Double Strap-hanger. A bell-cord strap-hanger
with two straps as shown in fig. 453.
Bell-cord End-hook. A metal hook with a screw-shank
by which it is attached to the end of a car. The hook is.
BEL
used to fasten the end of a bell-cord to the last car and
thus hold it in its place, and prevent it from being drawn
out of its guides. See fig. 469.
Bell-cord Fixed-hanger. A rigid metal bar or bracket at-
tached to the ceiling of a car, and by which a bell-cord
is suspended from the roof. See fig. 450.
Bell-cord Guide. A metal eye or ring attached to the roof
or ceiling of a car, or to the end of a bell-cord hanger, and
by which a bell-cord is carried or conducted. See figs.
450^65.
Bell-cord Guide, for Strap Hanger. A bell-cord guide
which is attached to the end of a strap-hanger. See 1,
fig. 452.
Bell-cord Guide, with centre Pulley. A bell-cord guide
made in the shape of a ring or loop, with a pulley in the
centre. See fig. 465.
Bell-cord Guide, with Flange. A bell-cord guide, with
one or more flanges or lugs attached to it, by which it is
fastened to the ceiling of a car, usually with screws. See
fig. 457.
Bell-cord Guide, with Flange and Pulley. A bell-cord
guide with a pulley for carrying a bell-cord, and with
one or more flanges or lugs by which it is fastened to the
ceiling of a car, usually with screws.
Bell-cord Guide, with Flange and side Pidley. A bell-
9 BEL
cord guide with a flange and a pulley on one side to con-
duct a bell rope in an oblique line. See fig. 459.
Bell-cord Guide, with four Pidleys. A bell-cord guide
with pulleys above and below and on each side of the
cord. They are used when a bell-cord must be carried in
oblique line. See fig. 461.
Bell-cord Guide, with Pidley. A bell-cord guide with a
sheave or pulley attached to it, over which the bell-cord
runs. See figs. 458-461, 463-465.
Bell-cord Guide, with Pulley, for Strap-hanger. A bell-
cord guide which is attached to a strap-hanger, and has
a pulley on which the bell-cord runs. See 4, figs. 451 and
453.
Bell-cord Guide, with Screw. A bell-cord guide to which
a screw is attached and by which the former is fastened
to the ceiling of a car. See fig. 462.
Bell-cord Guide, with Screw and Pulley. A bell-cord guide
with a pulley on which the bell-cord runs, and with a
screw attached for fastening it to the ceiling of a car.
See fig. 463.
Bell-cord Guide, with side Pidley and Flange. A bell-cord
guide, which has flanges by which it is attached to the
car, and a pulley on the side. See fig. 459.
Bell-cord Guide, with side Pulley and Screw-top. A bell-
cord guide which has a screw top. by which it is attached
to the car, and a pulley on the side. See fig. 464.
BEi.
10
BEL
Bell-cord Guide, with two Pulleys, top and bottom. A bell-
cord guide frith a pulley above and below the rope, for
the latter to run on. See fig. 460.
Bell-cord-guide Washer. An ornamental washer for
making a finish for a bell-cord guide where it is attached
to a car roof. See fig. 466.
Bell-cord Hanger. A metal bar or bracket, or a strap made
of leather or some textile material, and attached to the
ceiling of a car, and by which a bell-cord is suspended
from the roof of a car. See figs, 450-453 ; also, Bell-
cord Fixed-hanger. Bell-cord Strap-hanger.
Bell-cord Hanger Screw-top. A screw attached to a
metal clip for fastening a bell-cord hanger to the ceiling
of a car. It is screwed into one of the rafters and the
bell-cord hanger is fastened in the clip with screws or
rivets. See 3, fig. 452.
Bell-cord Pulley or Sheave. A wheel in a bell-cord
guide over which a bell-cord runs. See 1, figs. 451, 453,
455, 458, 459, 463, 464 and 465.
Bell-cord Sheave. A Bell-cord Pulley, which see.
Bell-cord Splice. A metal coupling with right and left-
hand screws for splicing the ends of a broken bell-cord.
See ng. 468.
Bell-cord Strap. The narrow piece of leather, woven or
flexible metallic fabric, of a bell-cord strap-hanger, by
which a bell-cord is suspended. See 2, figs. 451-453.
Bell-cord Strap-hanger. A support made of leather,
orsome textile material which is attached by a screw
top, flanges, or brackets to the ceiling of a car, and by
which a bell-cord is suspended from the roof. See figs.
451^53.
Bell-cord Strap-hanger Bracket. A metal bracket which.
is attached to the ceiling of a car, and with a suitable
clip to which the upper end of a strap-hanger is fastened.
See 3, figs. 451 and 453.
Bell-cord Strap-hanger Screw-top. A metal clip which
holds the upper end of a strap-hanger, and which is fast-
ened to the ceiling of a car by a screw attached to the
clip. See 3, fig. 452.
Bell-cord Thimble. A Bell-cord Bushing, which see.
Bell-crank, for Hand-car. A short iron crank attached to
the shaft which forms the fulcrum of the levers of a
hand-car. It is connected by a rod with another crank,
which is geared into one of the axles of the car. The
bell-crank has a reciprocating motion, whereas the other
crank revolves. See 23, figs. 773 and 775.
Bell-punch. An instrument for punching a hole on a re-
cording slip of paper or tickets so as to register the fares
collected by a conductor. The instrument has a bell
attached which is rung every time a fare is recorded by
punching the paper or ticket. The bell is intended to in-
dicate or announce to the passengers that the conductor
EEL
BEE.
has recorded the fares collected. These instruments are
made in a variety of forms.
3ell-rope. A Bell-cord, which see.
Bell-strap. A leather strap which extends along the under
side of the rafters, from a signal bell on one end of a
street-car over the platform te one on the other end. The
strap is used by the conductor on the rear platform to
ring the bell in front and thus signal tc the driver, and
by the driver in front to signal to the conductor. See
98, fig. 750.
Bell-strap Bracket. A Bell-strap Guide, which see.
Bell-strap Guide. A metal loop or bracket attached to the
ceiling of a street car for carrying a signal-strap. See 99,
figs. 750 and 752, and figs. 754 and 755.
Bell-strap Guide, itrith Roller. A metal loop or eye with
a roller attached which carries a signal-strap. See fig.
757.
Bell-strap Guide, with Screw-end. A bell-strap guide
with a screw attached to it by which it is fastened to the
car. See fig. 756.
Belt. See Belt-rail.
Belt-rail. A strip of wood on the outside of a passenger or
street-car frame below the windows extending the
whole length of the car-body and attached to each post.
See 65, figs. 215-226, and 19, fig. 752. Also, Upper Belt-
rail.
Belt-rail Band. An iron band on the outside of a belt-rail
of street-cars, and which covers the joint of the latter
with the panel. It extends around each corner of the
car to the door posts. See 20, figs. 750 and 753.
Belt-rail Cap. A thin strip of wood nailed to the top of
a belt-rail, and which forms a seat for the window sill.
See 81, figs. 225 and 226.
Bend, for iron pipes. A short cast or malleable iron tube
of (J shape for uniting the ends of two wrought-iron
pipes. The latter are screwed into the casting. See figs.
C17 and 618. Also, Close-return Bend. Open-return
Bend. Return Bend.
Berth. A bed in a sleeping-car. The term is also used to
designate the shelf or support on which a sleeping-car
bed rests. Usually there are two such beds in the space
occupied by two double seats which is called a section.
The lower berth is made upon the seats as shown at
1, 1, figs. 296 and 297, and the upper one on a shelf, 2, 2,
which can be raised or folded up out of the way in day
time, as shown at 3, 3. See Lower- berth. Upper-berth.
Berth-arm. A Berth-brace, which see.
Berth-bolt. See Berth-latch Bolt.
Berth-brace. A metal rod, chain or wire rope attached to
the side and near the tcp of a sleeping-car, and which ex-
tends down diagonally and is fastened at the other end
near the outer edge of a berth, which is supported by the
BEE,
12
BEE.
brace. When a metal rod is used, it usually has a joint
so that it can fold up like an ordinary two-feet rule, when
the berth is raised up, See 4, figs. 296 and 297.
Berth-brace Eye. A metal plate with suitable lugs for
fastening the brace to the top of the car, or to the berth.
The brace is attached to the lugs by a pin, and the plate
is screwed fast either to the side or roof of the car or to
the berth. The former is called a Berth-brace Upper-eye,
and the latter a Berth-brace Loiver-eye. See 5. fig. 297.
Berth-bracket. A bracket on which an upper-berth of a
sleeping-car rests when lowered and the bed is made and
in use. See fig. 356.
Berth-chain. A chain by which an upner sleeping-car
berth is supported when it is lowered. The chain is
usually wound on a spiral spring-case by which the
weight of the berth is counter-balanced. See 6, fig. 298.
Berth-chain Pulley. A pulley attached to the roof of a
sleeping-car, and over which a berth-chain runs. See 7,
fig. 298.
Berth-curtain. A cloth of some kind of textile material
hung in front of a sleeping-car section to hide the occu-
pants from sight. See 13, fig. 29S.
Berth-curtain Hook. A metal hook attached to a berth-
curtain of a sleeping-car, and by which the latter is hung
on a rod above the berths. Such hooks are usually cov-
ered with leather or other soft material to prevent them
from rattling on the metal rod on which they are hung.
See fig. 374.
Berth-curtain Rod. A rod or bar usually made of metal
tubing, fastened above a section of a sleeping-car and
to which a berth-curtain is hung. See 14, figs. 296-
298.
Berth Curtain-rod Bracket. A metal bracket attached to
the side of the clear-story of a sleeping-car, and which
forms a support for a berth-curtain rod. Such brackets
often have a coat and hat hook attached to them. See
15, figs. 296-298 and fig. 371.
Berth Curtain-rod Coupling. A fastening by which a
berth-curtain rod of a sleeping-car is secured to a
bracket. It usually consists of a bolt or screw. See 1,.
fig. 371.
Berth Curtain-rod Socket. A metal flanged ring which
is fastened to some part of a sleeping-car, and which
forms the attachment for a berth-curtain rod. See fig.
373.
Berth Curtain-rod Tip. A metal ornament at the end of
a berth curtain- rod. See fig. 372.
Berth-handle. A Berth-latch Handle, which see.
Berth Head-board. A light partition which separates one
berth in a sleeping-car from that next to it. See 16,
figs. 296-298.
Berth-hinge. A hinge or joint by which the back edge
SSR
13
BER
of an upper berth of a sleeping-car is attached to the
side of a car, and on which the berth turns. See figs.
351 and 352. See Loose Berth-hinge. Fast Berth-hinge.
Berth-hinge Bushing. A hollow metal socket which
forms a bearing on which the spindle of a loose berth-
hinge of a sleeping-car works. See fig. 353.
Berth-latch. A spring bolt for holding the upper berth of
a sleeping-car up in its place when not in use. See figs.
357 and 358.
Berth-lateh. Bolt. The bar or pin of a berth-latch which
engages in a corresponding catch, plate or keeper, and
which holds the berth up. See fig. 358.
Berth-latch Face-plate. A metal plate attached to the
under side of a berth with a suitable hole or bearing in
which the spindle of a berth-latch works. See 1, fig.
357.
Berth-latch Handle. A projecting metal bar or knob
which is connected with a berth-latch bolt and of con-
venient form to take held of, and by which the latch is
disengaged from its catch. See 12, fig. 296 ; fig. 357.
Berth- latch Keeper. A metal place attached to a part of
of sleeping-car either above or on the side of an upper-
berth, and which forms a catch in which a berth-latch
bolt engages, and which holds up the berth. See fig. 359.
Eert'h.-latch. ShelL A metal covering made in the form
of a sea shell for covering and protecting the handle of a
berth-latch in a sleeping-car.
Berth-lock. A Berth-latch, which see.
Berth-numbers. Figures or numbers, usually made of
metal or porcelain, for numbering the berths or sections
of sleeping-cars. See fig. 360.
Berth-rest. — See Upper-berth Best.
Berth Safety-rope. A wire rope which is attached to an
upper-berth of a sleeping-car, by one end, and to the seat
under it by the other, so as to prevent the berth from
closing up in case of an accident if the car should over-
turn. See 11, figs. 296-298.
Berth Safety-rope Fastener. A metal lug which is fast-
ened to the upper-berth of a sleeping-car, and to which
one end of a safety-rope is attached. See fig. 363.
Berth Safety-rope Holder. A metal catch attached to a
seat-frame or other part of a sleeping-car, to which a
safety-rope is fastened so as to hold the upper-berth in
its place in case of an accident, and prevent it from
closing up and thus injuring the occupant of the berth.
See fig, 364.
Berth Safety-rope Knob. A metal attachment to the end
of a berth safety-rope by which one end of the latter is
fastened so as to hold the berth down in its place in case
of an accident. The knob engages with a catch called a
Berth Safety-rojie Holder.
SEE
14
BLO
Berth-spring-. A spring usually made in a spiral form
like a watch spring, and attached to the upper berth of a
sleeping-car by a cord or cbain, so as to counteract the
weight of the latter and make it easy to raise and lower |
it. See 8, figs. 296-298 ; figs. 361 and 362.
Berth-spring' Frame. A metal support which holds a
berth-spring and fusee in its place in a sleeping-car. See
9, figs. 293-298; 1, fig. 361.
Berth-spring' Fusee. A cone, or conical metal shell, re-
sembling the fusee of a watch, on which a berth-spring
rope is wound, and which incloses a berth-spring of a
sleeping-car. See 2, fig. 361.
Berth-spring- Hope. A cord, usually made of wire, which
is connected to an upper-berth of a sleeping-car at one
end, and to the berth-spring at the other, and by which
the tension of the spring is transmitted to the berth, thus
counteracting its weight. See 10, figs. 296 and 297; 3,
fig. 361.
Berth Striker-plate. A Berth-latch Keeper, which see.
Bevelled-bushing-. See Bell-cord Beveiled-biishing.
Bevelled-washer. A washer used on truss or other rods
which stand at an acute angle to the surface on which
the nut or head on the rod bears. Such washers are used
so that the bearing for the nut or head may be brought
at right angles to the bolt. See fag. 786. Sometimes two
such washers which come near together are cast in one
piece, and are theu called double-bevelled washers.
Bibb. A curved nozzle for conveying water or other
liquids and changing the direction of their flow usuallj-
from a horizontal to a vertical current as from the end of
a pipe or cock. See figs. 427-429.
Bibb-cock. A cock with a curved nozzle or spout. See
figs. 427-429.
Blind. A Window-blind, which see. See also
Double Window-blind. Single Window-blind.
Lower Window-blind. Upper Window-blind.
Block. 1. " A heavy piece of timber or wood, usually
with one plane surface ; or it is rectangular and rather
thick than long." — Webster.
2. "A pulley or system of pulleys mounted on its frame
or shell, with its band or strap. A block consists of one or
more pullej's or sheaves, in a groove of which the rope
runs, fastened in a shell or frame by pins, on which they
revolve ; of a shell or frame inclosing the pulley or
pulleys ; and of a strap or band, consisting of a rope, encom-
passing the shell, and attached by an eye of rope or a hook
to some object." — Ed. Ency. See fig. 803. See
Body-bolster Truss-block. Bumper-block.
Brake-block. Centre-plate Block.
Buffer-block, Dead-block.
BOA
15
BOD
Friction-
Distance-block.
Floor - timber Distance-
Mock.
Guide-block.
Safety-beam Block.
Spring-block.
Stirrup-block.
Stop-block.
Board. " A piece of timber sawed thin, and of consider-
able length and breadth, compared with the thickness,
used for building and other purposes." — Webster.
Swi7ig - hanger
block.
Transom Bearing-Block.
Transom Truss-block.
Truck-bolster Guide-block.
Truck-bolster Truss-block.
Truss-block.
See
Berth Head-board.
Brake Foot-board.
Clear-story Soffit-board.
Eaves Fascia-board.
Fender-board.
Inside-cornice Fascia-
board.
Inside-cornice Sub-fascia-
board.
Letter-board.
Boof-boards.
Roof Running-board.
Running-board.
Seat-back Board.
Soffit-board.
Sp>lash-board.
Tread-board.
Boarding-car. A car fitted up for cooking and serving
meals to men at -work on the line of a road.
Bob-tail Street-car. A term used to designate a street-
car with a platform in front only and a small step be-
hind. Such cars are usually drawn by one horse only.
See fig. 41.
Body. The main or principal part of a car, in or on which
the load is placed. American cars for steam railroads
usually consist of a body carried on two trucks. Street-
cars are usually carried on four wheels only. See Cylinder-
body, for Westinghouse Car-brake.
Body-bolsters. Cross beams attached near the ends of the
under side of a car-body which is supported on two
trucks. The body centre-plate and side-bearings, which
rest on the truck, are fastened to these bolsters. Such
beams are made of wood, or of iron trussed, or of wood
and iron combined. See 12, figs. 55-76 • 10, figs. 215-231
and figs. 233-241. See Iron Body-bolster. Double Iron
Body-bolster.
Body-bolster Compression-bar. The bottom bar of an
iron body -bolster which is subjected to a strain of com-
pression. See 1. fig. 235.
Body -bolster Tension-bar. The top bar of an iron body-
bolster which is subjected to a strain of tension. See 2,
fig. 235.
Body-bolster Thimble. A small casting used as a dis-
tance-piece between the mpper and lower truss-bars of
an iron body-bolster. See 3, fig. '235.
Body-bolster Truss-block. A block of wood or distance-
piece, on the top of a wooden body-bolster, between the
BOD
16
EOJ3
centre floor-timbers and underneath the bolster truss-
rods. See 15, figs. 58, 72 ; 13, figs. 218-222 ; 4, tig. 233.
Body-bolster Truss-rod. A rod attached to the ends of a
wooden body-bolster, usually -with nuts, and which ex-
tends lengthwise to it and passes above it at its centre so
as to form a truss ; generally two or more such rods are
used for each bolster and are intended to strengthen it.
See 13, figs. 55-59, 69-72 ; 11, figs. 218, 220, 222; 6, fig. 233.
Body-bolster Truss-rod Bearing. An iron plate or cast-
ing, placed on top of a body-bolster truss-block, to pre-
vent the truss-rods from crushing into the wood. See
5, fig. 233.
Body-bolster Truss-rod Washer. An iron bearing for a
nut on the end of a truss-rod of a body-bolster. This is
often made in the form of a long plate so as to take two
or more rods. See 14, figs. 55-59 ; 12, figs. 215, 218, 219
and 222 ; 7, fig. 233.
Body-brace. An inclined beam or strip of timber In the
side or end frame of a car-body which acts as a brace.
See Body-counterbrace, End Body-brace and Side Body-
brace.
Body Brace-rod. An inclined iron rod in the side or end
of a car-body frame, which acts as a brace. See 34, fig.
61; 52, fig. 221. See also
Body-counterbrace-rod. End Body Brace-rod.
Brace Straining-rod. Side Body Brace-rod.
Body Centre-plate. A metal plate attached to a body-
bolster of a car, and which rests in a corresponding plate
on the centre of a truck. The weight of the car-body
usually rests on the centre-plates, and they form a pivot
about which the truck turns. A king-bolt passes
through the centre of the two centre-plates. See 17,
figs. 55-72; 15, figs. 216, 219, 229, 230-232; 8, figs. 233
and 235.
Body Check-chain Eye. An eye-bolt, clevis or other sim-
ilar attachment for fastening a check-chain to the car-
body. See 19, figs. 218-224 See also Truck Clieck-chain
Eye.
Body Check-chain Hook. An iron hook or similar means
of attachment, by which check-chains are fastened to a
car-body.
Body Counter-brace. A brace in the side frame of a car-
body between the bolsters and end of the car. These
braces are inclined in a direction opposite to those be-
tween the bolster and centre of the car. See 37, figs. 56,
61, 69; 55, figs. 215 and 229. See also Body Counter-
brace Bod.
Body Counter-brace Bod. An inclined iron rod in the
side-frame of a car-body, between the bolster and the end
of the car. See 56, fig. 221.
Body Hand-rail. An iron rod or bar attached to the end of
passenger and street cars for persons to take hold of ir*
BOD
17
BOL
getting on or off the cars. See 44, figs. 215, 219, 223; 113,
figs. 750, 753.
Body-post. An upright timber which is framed into the
sill and plate of a freight car. The posts form the ver-
tical members of the frame of the sides of a car-body.
See 42, figs. 56-82. In passenger cars such posts are
called Windoic-posts, which see.
Body Q,ueen-post. An iron rod, bar, or casting, on the
under side of a car-body and against which the truss-rods
bear. See 22, figs. 215, 216, 228 and 229. See also Queen-
post.
Body Q,ueen-poct Stay. An iron bar attached to the
lower end cf a body qusen-post and extending diagonally
upward to the cross-frame tie-timber to which it is fast-
ened. The purpose of the brace is to hold the queen-
post and prevent it from bending sideways. See 2, fig.
242.
Body Side-bearings. Plates or castings which are
attached to the body-bolsters, one on each ,side of the
centre-pin, and which bear on corresponding plates on
the truck. See 13, figs. 57, 58, 63, 70, 72 ; 14, figs. 222,
230 and 231.
Body-spring. A Bolster-spring, which see.
Body Truss-rod. A rod under a car-body to truss or
strengthen it, and prevent it from sagging in the centre
between the body-bolsters or points at which it is sup-
ported on the tracks. See 19, figs. 55, 56, 60, 61, 69 ;
20, figs. 215, 216, 219, 228, 229. See also. Inverted Body
Truss-rod. Centre Body Truss-rod. Outside Body Truss-
rod.
Body Truss-rod Bearing. A cast or wrought-iron plate,
on the under side of a truss-block or of a cross-frame tic-
timber, and against which the truss-rod bears. See 21,
figs. 55, 56, 60, 61, 69.
Body Truss-rod Saddle. A block of wood or casting
which forms a distance-piece on the top of a bolster, and
on which a body truss-rod bears. See 20, figs. 61, 62, 64,
60, 70, 72 ; 21, fig. 215.
Bogie. A term used in England to designate a Car-truck,
which see.
Bogus-plate. A horizontal timber, attached to the posts of
a refrigerator-car, on the inside of the car, a short dis-
tance below the plate. The bogus-plates support hori-
zontal cross-timbers to which hooks are attached for
hanging meat and other articles to be transported.
Bolster. A cross timber or trussed beam on the under side
of a car-body, and in the centre of a truck. The body-
bolster rests on the truck-bolster.
. See Body-bolster. Iron Body-bolster.
Compound Bolster. Swing-bolster.
Double Iron-body- Truck-bolster
bolster.
BOL
18
BOT
Bolster-bridge. A Side-hearing Bridge, which see.
Bolster-plates. "Wrought-iron plates bolted or riveted to
the sides of wooden body-bolsters to strengthen them.
Bolster-springs. Springs which are carried on the trans-
verse beams of a truck and on which the truck-bolster
and the weight of the car-body rests. See 80, figs. 91-104,
108-129.
Bolster-spring Cap. A cast or wrought-iron plate or sock-
et attached to the under side of a truck-bolster, and
which bears on top of a bolster-spring and holds the
latter in its place. See 75, figs. Ill, 121, 126.
Bolster-spring Seat. A cast or wrought-iron plate or
socket on top of a spring-plank, on which a bolster-spring
rests or bears. S:e 74, figs. Ill, 121, 126.
Bolster-truss Block. See Body-bolster Truss-block. Truck-
bolster Truss-block.
Bolster Truss-rod. See Body-bolster Truss-rod. Truck-
bolster Truss-rod.
Bolster Truss-rod Washer. See Body-bolster Truss-rod
Washer. Truck-bolster Truss-rod Washer.
Bolt. Generally a pin, rod or bar of metal used to hold or
fasten anything in its place ; ordinarily a bolt is a metal
rod, having a head on one end and usually a screw and
nut on the other end, as shown in figs. 776-784.
See Barrel Door-bolt. Brake Safety-chain Eye-
Berth-latch Bolt. bolt.
Carriage Bolt.
Cupboard-bolt.
Discharge-valve Stop-bolt.
Door-bolt.
Door-latch Bolt.
Door-lock Bolt.
Door-sash Bolt.
Draw-bar Bolt.
Eye-bolt.
Flush-bolt.
Head-board Bolt.
Hub-bolt.
Joint-bolt.
Journal-box-cover Bolt.
Eey-bolt.
King-bolt.
Lug-bolt.
3Iachinc-bolt.
Piston-follower Bolt.
R?vsrsing-valvz-plate
Bolt.
Seat-lock Bolt.
Sofa-bolt.
Stake-pocket U-bolt.
Stop-bolt.
Strap-bolt.
Tire-bolt.
U-bolt.
Window-blind Bolt.
Windoiv-latch Bolt.
Bolt Draw-bar. A draw-bar to which the draw-spring is
attached by a bolt. See figs. 251-253, 266, 267.
Bonnet. A Platform-hood, which see.
Bottom. " The lowest part of anything; as, the bottom of
a well, vat, or ship.'"— Webster.
See Alcove-bottom. Fire-proof Bottom.
Candle-lamp Bottom. Lamp-bottom.
Drop-bottom. Scat-bottom.
Bottom Arch-bar. See Inverted Arch-bar.
Bottom-chord. See Lower-chord.
Bottom Cylinder-head, for Westinghouse Driving-wJieel
BGX
19
BKA
Brake. A circular cast-iron plate or cover for the lower
end of a cylinder. It has an opening in the centre
through which the piston-rod works. See 4, fig. 749.
Bottom Door-rail. The lower transverse piece of a door-
frame.
Bottom Boor-track. A door-track below a sliding-door.
It is usually a metal bar which supports the door and on
•which the latter moves. Such doors are usually provided
with rollers or slides which rest on the track. See-66, figs.
55, 59, 69, 72.
3ottom-rail. The lowermost horizontal bar or member of
a frame, as of a sash or door. See 147, figs. 218, 222, 223,
230: 5, fig. 502.
Bottom-ratchet of Drum, for Creamer Brake. A ratchet
on the under side of the drum of a Creamer brake. The
side pawl engages into the ratchet to retain the tension on
the brake produced by the momentum of the drum when
the spring is released. See 15, fig. 646.
Bottom Stove-plate, for a Baker Heater. An iron casting
shaped somewhat like a dinner plate and which forms the
under side of a Baker stove or heater. See 1, fig. 531; fig.
582.
Bottom Stove-plate, for a Spear Heater. A circular cast-
ing which rests on the floor of a car and forms the base
or pedestal of the stove. See 14, figs. 550-554; fig. 575.
Bow. See Platform-hood Bow.
Bowl. See Wash-bowl.
Box. See Journal-box.
Master-ear-builders Stand- Top-reservoir Journal-box.
ard Journal-box. Wlieel-box.
Box-car. A freight car which is covered with a roof, and
inclosed on the sides to protect its contents from the
weather and from being stolen. See Four-wlxeeled Box-
car, fig. 13. Eight-ivhecled Box-car, fig. 12. Combined
Box-car, fig. 14. Four-wheeled Box-car.
Box Cattle-car. A ecttle-car of which the sides are board-
ed up tight and which has grated doors and windows,
similar to figs. 14 and 16. See Slat Cattle-car.
Box-cover. See Journal-box Cover.
Bex-cushion. A cushion for passenger-car seats, made on
a wooden frame. Box-cushions are sometimes stuffed
with hair or other elastic material alone, and sometimes
steel springs are used in addition to the hair or other elas-
tic material. Fig. 414 shows a frame for a box-cushion,
i Box-guide. See Journal-box Guide.
Box-packing. Journal-packing, which see.
Box-room, on Axle. A Dust-guard Seat, which see.
Box-steps. Passenger-car steps made with wooden
stringers or sides. See fig. 244.
Brace. An inclined beam, rod or bar of a frame, truss,
girder, etc., which unites two or more of the points,
where other members of the structure are connected to-
BRA
20
BRA
gether, and which prevents them from turning about
their joints. A brace thus makes the structure incapable
of altering its form from this cause, and it also distrib-
utes or transmits part of the strain at one or more of the
joints toward the point or points of support, or resistance
to that strain. A brace may be subjected to either a
strain of compression or tension. If the former, in car
construction, it is called simply a brace ; in the latter it is
called a brace-rod. See 8, figs. 805, 807, 809.
See Berth-brace, Door-brace.
Body-brace. End BodyJiraee.
Brake-lever-bmcket Brace. Floor-timber Brace.
Brake-shaft Brace. Pedestal-brace.
Brake-shaft-step Brace. Roof -brace.
Compression-beam Brace. Seat-bracket Brace.
Corner-post Brace. Side-lamp Brace.
Stop-brace.
Brace-pocket. A casting which forms a step or socket
for holding the ends of braces, especially of car-bodies.
See 39, fig. 61; 40, fig. 69; 41, figs. 69, 71. See also
Double-brace Pocket. Left-hand Brace-pocket.
Right-hand Brace-pocket.
Brace-rod. An inclined iron rod which acts as a brace.
See 34, fig. 61; 52, fig. 221; 10, fig. 808.
See Body Brace-rod. Side Body-brace-rod.
Counterbrace-rod. Side Counterbrace-rod.
Brace-rod Washer. An iron plate which forms a bearing
for the nut or head of a brace-rod. Such washers are
sometimes made of triangular or bevelled shape and in
other cases are made of a flat bar of iron bent to fit into
a notch cut into the timber, as shown at 38, figs. 61, 69.
See also 57, fig. 221; and also Triangular Washer. Bev-
elled Waslier.
Brace Straining-rod. A vertical iron rod in the side or
end frame of a car-body by which the upper end of a
brace is connected, or tied to the sill of the car. The
brace-rods are members of the truss cf which the sill,
braces, posts or plates, etc., form parts. Such rods often
have hook-heads at the upper ends against which the
braces bear, and nuts at the lower ends by which they
are screwed up, and are thus brought into a state of ten-
sion and the braces into compression. See 53, figs. 215,
229.
Bracket. " An angular stay in the form of a knee to sup-
port shelves and the like.'' — Webster.
See Basket-rack Bracket. Brake-shaft Bracket.
BeU-cord Strap-hanger Brake-step Bracket.
Bracket. Coupling-spring Bracket.
Bell-strap Bracket. Cylinder-lever Bracket.
Berth-bracket. Door-track Bracket.
Berth-curtain-rod Bracket. Inside-hand-rail Bracket.
Brake-lever Bracket. Lamp-bracket.
21
BRA
Seat-bracket.
Side-lamp Bracket.
Sliding-door Bracket.
Tender-spring Bracket.
Towel-bracket.
Window-curtain- rod
Bracket.
Lamp-chimney Bracket.
Longitudinal'Step
Bracket.
Fost-bracket.
Release-spring Bracket.
Roof Running-board
Bracket.
Running-board Bracket.
Erackst Gas-burner. A gas-burner attached to the side
of a car by a suitable pipe or metal bracket.
Bracket-lamp. A Side-lamp, which see.
Braided 3ell-cord. See Bell-cord.
Brake. The whole combination of parts by which the
motion of a car is retarded or arrested.
See Air-brake. Loughridge Air-brake.
Atmospheric Brake. Outer-hung Brake.
Automatic Air-brake. Single-lever Brake.
Compression-rod Brake. Smith's Vacuum Brake.
Stevens Brake.
Tanner Brake.
Double-lever Brake. Tyler Brake.
Driving-wheel Brake. Vacuum Brake.
Eames Vacuum Brake. Westinghouse Air-brake.
Elder's Brake. Westinghouse Automatic
Hodge Brake. Air-brake.
Inner-hung Brake.
Continuous-brake.
Creamer Safety-brake.
Brake for Drop-bottom Car. A brake arranged so that
none of the rods or levers will interfere with the drop
doors through which the contents of the car are emptied.
See figs. 77-80, 640.
Brake-beam. A transvei'se iron or wooden bar to which
the brake-block and shoes are attached. It is suspended
near the wheels so that the brake-shoes can conveniently
be applied to the treads of the wheels. See 143, figs. 77-
84 ; 84, figs. 88-125 ; 4, figs. 629-631 j 1, figs. 637-645 ;
133, figs. 750-753. See also Trussed Brake-beam-.
Brake-beam Chafing-plate. A plate attached to a brake-
beam and against which a brake-spring bears. The ob-
ject of the plate is to resist the wear due to the action of
the spring.
Brake-beam Eye-bolt. An eye-Dolt for fastening a lower
brake-rod to a brake-beam on trucks having but one
brake-lever. These bolts have threads cut nearly their
entire length and usually a nut is placed on each side of
the brake-beam, which can be screwed up so as to take
up the wear of the brake-shoes. See 85, figs. 89, 93, 116.
Brake-beam Fulcrum. See Brake-lever Fulcrum.
Brake-beam King-pcst. A post or distance-piece, which
forms a bearing for the trass-rods of a brake-beam.
Sometimes the brake-lever is attached to it and it then
forms also a fulcrum for the latter. See 6, fig. 631.
BRA
22
BRA
Brake-team Truss-rod. A rod used to trass or strengthen
a brake-beam. See 5, fig. 631.
Brake-block. A piece of wood or metal which carries a
removable shoe which bears directly against the tread of
the wheel when the brake is applied. The brake-blocks
are attached to the ends of a transverse beam extending
from one wheel to the one opposite and called a brake-
beam. See 82, figs. 100, 105, 115, 118, 122, 127, 128, 129;
1, figs. 629-631, fig. 633.
Brake-block, for Westinghouse Driving-wlieel Brake. An
iron casting to which a brake-shoe is attached and which
acts as a support for the latter. They are made separate
from each other so that when the shoe is worn out it can
be replaced without destroying the block. See 17, fig.
747.
Brake-block Pin, for Westinghouse Driving-wlieel Brake.
A pin by which the suspending and supporting links are
attached to a brake-block. See 26, fig. 747.
Brake-block Suspending-link, for Westinghouse Driving-
wlieel Brake. An iron bar attached to a locomotive
frame and to which a brake-block is hung. See 23, fig.
747, 748.
Brake-block Suspending-plates, for Westinghouse
Driving-wheel Brake. A wrought-iron plate bolted to a
locomotive frame and which forms a support or means of
attachment for the upper end of a brake-block suspend
ing-link. See 24, figs. 747, 748.
Brake-block Suspending-stud, for Westinghouse Driving
wheel Brake. A bolt or pin by which the upper end of r
brake-bolt suspending-link is attached to a suspending
plate. See 25, figs. 747, 748.
Brake-block Tie-rod, for Westinghouse Driving-whee
Brake. A rod by which the brake-blocks on opposite
sides of the engine are tied together and prevented from
spreading apart. The lower ends of the supporting-link .
are attached to the tie-rod. See 27 figs. 747, 748.
Brake-carrier. See Brake-hanger Camer.
Brake-chain. See Brake-shaft Chain.
Brake-chain Worm. A conical casting attached to the
brake-shaft with a screw-shaped groove on it, in which a
brake-chain is wound. The object of it is to produce
a rapid motion in first applying the brakes, and to in-
crease the power when the brake-shoes are brought ir
close contact with the wheels. See 160, figs. 215, 217;
1, fig. 244.
Brake-clevis. A Brake-lever Fulcrum, which see.
Brake-cylinder, for Westinghouse Automatic Car-brake
A hollow cast-iron cylinder which is usually attached tc
the under side of a car-frame. It is accurately bored out
and fitted with two heads and a piston, against which the
compressed air exerts its pressure and thus applies the
BRA
23
BRA
brakes to the wheels. The piston-rod is connected with
a lever (5, fig. 681; 12, fig. 729), which is provided with a
spiral spring, 15, which is compressed by the action of
the piston, and the movement of the lever, so that when
the air which has forced out the piston is allowed to
escape the elasticity of the spring forces the piston back
to the end of the cylinder and thus releases the brakes.
See 2, figs. 6G0, 661, 663, 729, 730. The main cast-
ing, 2, figs. 729, 730, is called the cylinder-body for
Westinglicv.se car-brake. The whole arrangement of
cylinder, springs, lever, etc., represented in figs. 729, 730,
is designated as a brake-cylinder with releasing appar-
atus complete, for Westinghouse automatic car-brake.
Brake-cylinder, for Westinghouse Automatic Tender-
brake. A cylinder similar to the above which is used on
tenders, but without a releasing-lever and spring. See 2,
figs. 655-657, 727, 728.
Brake-cylinder, for Westinghouse Driving-wheel Brake.
A hollow cast-iron cylinder which is attached to a loco-
motive in a vertical position between the driving-wheels.
It is accurately bored out and fitted with two heads and
a piston, against which the compressed air exerts its
pressure, the force of which is transmitted to two eccen-
tric-levers, which act against the brake-heads and thus
apply the brakes. The main casting, 2. fig. 749, of the
cylinder is called the cylinder-body for Westinglum.se
driving-wheel brake. See 12, fig. 655; 1, fig. 747, and
fig. 749.
Brake-cylinder Pipe, for Westinghouse Automatic Brake.
A pipe which connects a brake-cylinder with the triple-
valve. See 25, figs. 661, 663.
Brake-dog. A Brake-pawl, which see.
■ Brake-drum. A Brake-shaft Drum, which see.
Brake Foot-board. A Brake-step, which see.
Brake-banger. A link or bar by which brake-beams and
attachments are suspended from a truck-frame or car-
body. See 144, fig. 77 ; 86, figs. 88-129 ; 7, figs. 629, 630 ;
134, fig. 750. See also Parallel Brake-hanger.
Brake-banger Bearing. A casting which is held by a
Brake-hanger carrier, and which forms a bearing for a
brake-hanger. See 14, figs. 629, 630.
Brake-banger Carrier. An eye or \J bolt, a casting or
other fastening by which a brake-hanger is attached to
the truck or body of a car. See 87, fig. 129 ; 8, figs. 629,
630. See also Parallel Brake-hanger Carrier.
Brake-banger Timber. A short transverse timber between
the floor-timbers of a car-body, and which is framed into
them, and to which the brake-hangers, which are hung
from the body of a car, are attached. See 6, figs. 63,
64, 78.
Brake-bead. A piece of iron or wood attached to a brake-
beam and which bears against the wheels, and combines
BRA
24
BRA
both, a brake-block and brake-shoe in one piece. See 142,
fig. 77 ; 83, fig. 91 ; fig. 602 ; 135, figs. 7.30-7o3.
Brake-hose, for JVestinghouse Car-brake. Flexible tubes
made of india-rubber and canvas by which the different
vehicles in the train are connected together and by which
the compressed air which operates the brakes is con-
ducted from the engine to the cars, and from one car to
another. The hose is made in two pieces with a coupling
between each two vehicles, so that they can readily be
connected or disconnected. See 30, figs. 6G0, 601 ; fig.
725. See Armored Brake-hose.
Brake-kcse Armor. A woven wire covering on the out-
side of brake-hose to protect it from injury or abrasion.
See fig. 726.
Brake-hose Clutch-coupling, for Westinghouse-brake. A
brake-hose coupling formed by two parts which lap over
each other, as shown in figs. 715, 716.
Brake-hose Coupling. A contrivance for coupling or con-
necting the ends of a pair of brake-hose together so that
the air by which the brakes are operated can pass from
one vehicle in a train to another. See figs. 715, 716.
Brake-hose Coupling-cap, for Clutch-coupling of West-
inghouse-brake. A screw-plug which is screwed into a
coupling-case and which holds the coupling-valve in its
place. See 4, figs. 715, 716, and fig. 71S.
Brake-hose Coupling-case, for Clutch-coupling of West-
inghouse-brake. A hollow casting which joins the main
part of one piece of a pair of couplings and to which the
hose is attached. See 3, figs. 715, 716.
Brake-hose Coupling Packing-expander, for Clutch-
coupling of Westinghouse-brake. A metal bushing or
cage which is inserted in a coupling-case to expand the
packing when the valves are removed. This is used in
place of the valves in the ordinary brake. See fig. 724.
Brake-nose Coupling-valve, for Clutch-cov.pling of West-
inghouse-brake. A puppet-valve which is contained in a
chamber in a coupling-case to prevent the escape of air
from the hose when the latter are uncoupled. See 5, fig.
715. and fig. 719.
Brake-hose Coupling-valve Spring, for Clutch-coupling
of Westinghouse-brake. A spiral-spring in a coupling-
case which bears on the valve to close it promptly when
the hose are uncoupled. See 6, fig. 715, and fig. 720.
Brake-hose Nipple, for Westinghouse-brake. A tubular
elbow which is attached by one end to the hose and by
the other to a car or engine. See fig. 723.
Brake-lever. A lever by which the power employed to
apply the brakes is transmitted to the brake-beams. The
brake-levers are connected to the brake-beams at or
near the short ends of the former, and the brake-chains,
or rods, are connected to the opposite end. See 1x5,
figs. 77, 78, 82, 84 ; 92, figs. 8S-129 ; 11, figs. 629, 6D0 ; 15.
BBA
35
£HA
fig. 661. In some cases the upper end of one of the brake-
lsvers on each truck is attached to a brake-lever stop.
Suck levers are called fixed brake-levers to distinguish
them from those which are movable. See Centre Brake-
lever. Fixed Brake-lever
Brake-lever Bracket. A wrought-iron knee fastened to
the under side of a car, and to which the fulcrum of a
brake-lever is attached. See 148 figs. 77, 78.
Erake-lever-bracket Brace. A diagonal wrought-iron
brace, attached to a brake-lever-bracket to stiffen it. See
149, fig. 77.
Brake-lever Clevis. A Brake-lever Fulcrum, which see.
Braks-lever Fulcrum. A forked iron attached to a
brake-beam by means of which a brake-lever is connected
to the beam. Usually it consists of a bolt which passes
through the beam and is fastened with a nut, and at the
other end it has a forked end or clevis in which the lever
is fastened with a pin or bolt. In some cases a casting is
used for this purpose. See 146, figs. 77-80 ; 93, figs. 88-
129 ; 12, figs. 629, 631.
Brake-lever Guide. A bar of wood or iron which holds or
supports the upper end of a brake-lever in its place. See
147, figs. 77. 79 ; 94, figs. 101, 102, 123, 124.
Brake-lever Sheave. A pulley attached to a brake-lever,
over which a chain by which the brakes are applied runs.
See 96, fig. 102, 103.
Brake-lever Stop. An iron Dar or loop attached to a truck
or car frame, and which holds the upper end of a fixed
brake-lever. It usually has holes in it in which a pin is in-
serted against which the end of the lever bears. By moving
the pin from one hole to another the position of the lever
is adjusted so as to take up the wear of the brake-shoes.
See 95, figs. 92, 118, 123, 124; 13, fig. 630.
Brake-pawl. A small pivoted bar for engaging in the
teeth of a brake ratchet-wheel to prevent the latter from
turning backward. It is usually placed in such a posi-
tion as to be worked by the foot. See 159, figs. 216, 220;
fig. 636.
Brake-pipe, for Westinghouse Automatic-brake. An iron
pipe attached to the under side of a car-body and extend-
ing from one end of the car to the other, and connected
to the pipes on the adjoining cars by flexible hose. The
purpose of these pipes is to convey the air from the air-
pump on the engine to the auxiliary reservoirs attached to
the cars. These pipes are filled with compressed air
when the brakes are not on. When the latter are to be ap-
plied, the air is allowed to escape from the pipes which
causes the triple-valves to open communication between
the auxiliary reservoirs and the brake-cylinders, so that
the compressed air stored up in the reservoirs acts on the
pistons and brake-levers. See 20, figs. 6G1, 663.
Brake Ratchet-wheel. A wheel attached to a brake-shaft
BRA
26
BEA
having teeth shaped like saw teeth, into which a pawl en-
gages, thus preventing the wheel and shaft from turning
backward. See 103, figs. 55-S4; 158, figs. 215, 216, 217,
219, 220, 223; fig. 636; 125, fig. 750.
3rake-rod. See Loicer Brake-rod. Secondary Brake-rod.
Main Brake-rod.
Brake-rod Guide. A hook, eye, roller or other contriv-
ance attached to a car-truck or body for supporting a
brake-rod.
Brake-rubber. A Brake-shoe, which see.
Brake Safety-chain or link. A chain attached to a
brake-beam, and to the truck or body of a car. It is in-
tended for the same purpose as a brake safety-strap ; that is,
to hold the brake-beams in case a brake-hanger should
break. Sometimes these are made of a single link or bar.
See 88, figs. 94, 101, 103, 105 ; 9, figs. 629, 630.
Brake Safety-chain Eye-bolt. An eye-bolt attached to a
truck or car-body, and which holds a brake safety-chain.
See 89, figs. 103, 105 ; 10, figs. 629, 630.
Brake Safety-strap. A strap of iron fastened by its ends
to the end-piece or transom of a truck and bent into
such a shape as to embrace the brake-beam. In case any
of the hangers should give way the safety-strap is in-
tended to catch and hold the beam, and prevent it from
falling on the track. Sometimes it is made of steel, and
used as a brake-spring for throwing off the brake. See
90, figs. 8S-90, 115-129.
Brake-shaft. A vertical or horizontal shaft on which a
chain is wound and by which the power of a hand-brake
is applied to the wheels. See 94, figs. 55-84 ; 95, figs.
55, 56, 69, 72 ; 152, figs. 215, 217, 219, 223 ; 122, figs. 750,
753. See Horizontal Brake-shaft. Hong Brake-shaft.
Brake-shaft Bearing. A metal eye by which a brake-
shaft is held in its place, and in which it turns. See
Brake-shaft Step. Lower Brake-shaft Bearing. Upper
Brake-shaft Bearing.
Brake-shaft Brace. A brace on the Miller platform which,
holds the bottom of the brake-shaft, and forms a step for
it. See 1, figs. 2S2, 285.
Brake-shaft Bracket. A support made in the form of a
bracket for holding a horizontal brake-shaft in its place,
used mostly on freight cars. See 99, figs. 55, 56, 69.
Brake-shaft Bracket, for Creamer-brake. A cast-iron
bracket attached to the hand-rail, and which forms a
support or bearing for the upper end of the brake-shaft.
See 13, fig. 646.
Brake-shaft Bushing. A thimble on a brake-shaft on a
Miller platform.
Brake-shaft Chain. A chain connected with the brake-
levers, and which is wound up on a shaft, called the
brake-shaft. The force exerted on the shaft is trans-
BKA
27
BE.A
mitted to the other connection of the brake by this chain.
See 150, fi?. 77 ; 3, figs. 637-645 ; 127, figs. 750, 751.
See Horizontal Brake-shaft Chain.
Brake-shaft-chain. Sheave. A roller over which a brake-
shaft chain passes. See 105, figs. 55, 56, 69.
Brake-shaft Connecting-rod. A rod which is attached
at one end to a brake-chain, and at the other to a brake-
lever, or to the centre-lever of the Tanner or Elder brake
or to a floating-lever of the Hodge brake. See 151,
figs. 77, SO ; 4, figs. 637-645 ; 13, fig. 661 ; 128, figs.
750, 751, 753.
Brake-shaft Crank. An elbow attached to the upper end
of the brake-shaft of street-cars for turning the brake-
shaft and operating the brakes. See 120, figs. 750, 753.
Brake-shaft Crank-handle. That part of a brake-shaft
crank which is held in the hand, -when the crank is used.
See 121, figs. 750, 753.
Brake-shaft Drum. The part of a brake-shaft on which
the brake-chain is wound, in applying the brakes. The
shaft is sometimes enlarged at this part, and sometimes a
cast-iron sleeve is put on it to increase the diameter of
the part on which the chain is wound. See Brake-chain
drum.
Brake-shaft Hanger. A Brake-shaft Bracket, which see.
Brake-shaft Holder. A Brake-shaft Bearing, which see.
Brake-shaft Step. A bearing which holds the lower end
of a brake-shaft. It usually consists of a U_shaPed bar
of iron, the upper ends of which are fastened to the car-
body, and a hole in the curved part of the bar, which
receives the end of the shaft. See 98, figs. 60-84 :
153, figs. 215, 217, 223. See also Brake-shaft Holder.
Brake-shaft-step Braco. A wrought-iron brace attached
to a brake-step to resist the pull of the brake chain.
Brake-shaft Thimble. An iron bushing attached to some
portion of the car to form a bearing for a brake-shaft.
See 44, fig. 285.
Brake-shoe. A piece of metal or wood shaped to fit the
tread of a car-wheel and attached by a key or otherwise
to a brake-block. It rubs against the tread of the wheel
when the brakes are applied. Such shoes are made of
wood, cast, wrought, or malleable iron, and sometimes
of a combination of cast and wrought iron. See 98, figs.
88, 89, 105, 107, 115, 118 ; 2, figs. 630, 631 ; fig. 633. See
Congdon Brake-shoe. Malleable Brake-shoe.
Brake-shoe, for Westinghouse Driving-tchcel Brake. A
wrought, cast, or malleable iron plate attached to a brake-
block, and which bears against the driving-wheel. Such
shoes are sometimes made of a combination of cast and
wrought iron. See 16, fig. 747.
Brake-shoe Key. A key or wedge by which a brake-shoe
is fastened to a brake-block. See fig. 633.
Brake-spring. A Release-spring, which see.
BRA
28
BUF
Brake-staff. A Brake-shaft, which see.
Brake-step. A small shelf or ledge on the end of a freight-
car near the top, on which the brake -man stands when
applying the brake from the top of a car. Also called a
brake foot-board. See 100, figs. 55-71.
Brake-step Bracket. An iron bracket to support a brake-
step. See 101, figs. 55-71.
Brake-windlass. A shaft with a hand- wheel attached by
which the former is turned, and a chain, connected with
the brake-levers, is wound up on a part of the shaft
called a drum. The shaft also Las a ratchet-wheel and a
pawl to prevent it from being turned backward by the
tension on the chain when it is wound up. The term wind-
lass is used to designate all of these parts combined. See
Brake-shaft.
Brake-wheel. A hand-wheel attached to a brake-shaft,
and by which the latter is turned in applying the brakes.
See 93, figs. 55-84 ; 157, figs. 215, 216, 217, 219, 220, 223 ;
fig. 635.
Brass. " An alloy of copper and zinc. The term is com-
monly applied to the yellow alloy of copper with about
half its weight of zinc, in which case it is called by engi-
neers yellczv-brass ; but copper alloyed with about one-
ninth its weight of tin is the metal of brass ordnance or
gun-metal. Similar alloys used for the 'brasses 'or bear-
ings of machinery are called hard brass, and when em-
ployed for statues and medals they are called bronze."
— Tomlinson's Cyclopaedia of Useful Arts. The term
brass is often used to designate a Journal-bearing, which
see.
Brass-wire-covered Bell-cord. See Bell-cord.
Bridge. In car-construction the term bridge means a
timber, bar, or beam which is supported at each end. See
Bolster-bridge. Centre-bearing Bridge. Side-bearing
Bridge.
Bridging. The cross-pieces or " nailers " in the floor, to
which the flooring is nailed. See 6, figs. 215, 216, 229,
231.
Broad-gauge. The distance between the heads of the rails,
when it is greater than 4 ft. 8% in. See Gauge.
Broad-tread Wheel. A wheel of which the periphery or
tread is wider than usual so as to be able to run over
tracks 'which vary somewhat in width such as 4-ft.-8J^-
in., 4-ft.-9-in., and 4-ft.-10-in. gauges. Also called com-
2Jromise-icheels.
Brush. See Car-window Brush.
Brush-and-comb Rack. A metal or wooden receptacle
fastened to the side of a car or a partition of a passenger
or sleeping-car for holding a brush and comb. See fig.
385.
Buffer. An elastic apparatus or cushion attached to the
end of a car to receive the concussions of other cars
BTJF
29
BCJF
running against it. The term is generally applied to
those attachments in which springs are used to give the
apparatus elasticity. The Miller buffer is shown at 35,
figs. 2S2-285, and the Janney buffer at F. figs. 290-292.
The term is often applied to a Draw-bar, which see.
Buffer-arm. ,4 Draw-bar Timber, which see.
Euffer-bar. A wrought-iron bar at the end of a car to re-
sist the concussions of one car against another. Such
bars are usually provided with springs so as to offer an
elastic resistance when two cars come in contact with
each other. In this country they are used chiefly with
the Miller and Janney platforms. See 2, figs. 282, 285 ;
F., figs. 290-292.
Buffer-beam. A transverse timber bolted to the outside of
an end-sill of a car and to which the dead-blocks are at-
tached. See 32', fig. 78. This term is also used to
designate a platform end-timber of a Miller platform.
Buffer-block. A wooden block or stick of timber attached
to the end-sill or platform end-timber of a car above the
draw-bar, and intended to protect persons between the
cars from injury by preventing the cars from coming to-
gether in case the draw-bar or its attachments should be
broken or fail in any other way. See 29, figs. 60-65, and
1, fig. 278. The terms buffer-block and dead-block are
often confused in meaning. A buffer-block is a single
peice of timber bolted to the end-sill of a car above the
draw-bar, as shown in fig. 278, while dead-blocks are used
in pairs, one on each-side of the draw-bar, as shown at
2, 2, fig. 279.
i>uffer-block Face-plate. A metal plate bolted to the out-
side or face of a wooden buffer-block, and which forms
a bearing for the buffer-blocks of other cars when they
come in contact with each other. The object of the
plate is to protect the wood from wear.
Buffer-head. The broad, flat part of the buffer which is
used with the Miller platform, and which bears against
another similar one on the adjoining car. See 35, figs.
282-287.
Buffer-plate. An iron plate with which the buffer-beam
on the Miller platform is faced, and through which the
buffer-shank passes. See 3, figs. 284, 285.
Buffer-shank. The square part of a Miller buffer, between
the buffer-head and the buffer-stem. See 36, fig. 287.
Buffer-spring. A spring used with the buffer of the Miller
and Janney couplers to resist the concussions of one car
against another, and which gives elasticity to the buffer-
bar. See 5, figs. 282, 2S3, 2S4.
Buffer-spring Beam, for Miller Platform. A short trans-
verse piece of timber framed between the draw-timbers
and against which the buffer-spring bears. See 24, figs.
282, 283, 284.
Buffer-spring Cup. An iron washer or seat in which the
EOT
30
BUS
inside end of the Miller buffer-spring rests. Such cups are
used with a volute spring; when a spiral spring is used
the spring-cup is the same as the spring- washers. See 6,
figs. 282, 283, 284.
Buffer-spring- Washer. A plate or washer on the buffer-
stem of a Miller buffer which bears against the outside
end of the buffer-spring. When spiral buffer-springs are
used, washers of the same kind are used at each end.
See 7, figs. 282, 283, 284.
Buffer-stem. The round part of a Miller buffer-bar which
passes through the-buffer-springs. See 37, fig. 287.
Buffer-stem Washer. A metal ring or plate on the inside
end of a Miller buffer-bar, and which is intended as a
bearing for a key in the end of the buffer-bar. See 8,
figs. 283, 284.
Buffer-thimble. A cast-iron thimble or bushing in a plat-
form end-timber through which a Miller buffer-shank
passes. The buffer-thimble and buffer-plate are now
made in one piece. See 9, fig. 2S4.
Bull's-eye. A convex glass lens, which is placed in front
of a lamp, and which diffuses the light so as to make it
more conspicuous for a signal. They are used to close
the opening in fixed lamps at the ends of cars, and also
in signal lanterns. See 26, figs. 495, 496.
Bull's-eye Lamp. A lantern, with a bull's-eye lens, gen-
erally used for a signal-lamp. See figs. 495, 496.
Bumper. An indefinite term used to designate a Buffer or
Draiv-bar, or a Buffer-block, which terms see.
Bumper-block. A Buffer-block, which see.
Bunk. A Berth, which see.
Burlaps. A coarse canvas used for upholstering the seats
of passenger cars.
Burner. " That part of a lighting apparatus at which com-
bustion takes place." — Knight. See
Bracket Gas-burner. Mineral-oil Burner.
Dual Burner. Screw Burner.
Gas-burner. Spring Burner.
Hinge Burner. Sun Burner.
Lamp-burner.
Bushing. "A lining for a hole." — Knight. Usually a
metal cylindrical ring which forms a bearing for some
other object, as a shaft, valve, etc., which is inserted in
the hole. See
Bell-cord Bevelled Bush- Head-board-bolt Bushing,
ing. Loicer Steam-valve Bush-
Bell-eord Bushing. ing.
Berth-curtain-rod Bush- Reversing-valve Bushing.
ing. Steam-vcdve Bushing.
Berth-hinge Bushing. Upper Steam-valve Bush-
Brake-shaft Bushing. ing.
Clear-story Window-pivot Window-latch Bushing.
Bushing. Window-pivot Bushing.
BUS
31
CAN
Bushing, for Pipes. A short tube with a screw cut inside
and outside, and used to sere w into a pipe to reduce its
diameter when it is necessary to connect it with a smaller
pipe. Generally, a bushing has a hexagonal head by
which it is turned. Such bushings are sometimes called
reducers. See fig. 624.
Butt. A contraction of Butt-hinge, which see.
Butt-hinge, A hinge for hanging doors, etc., which is
fastened with screws to the edge of a door, so that
when the latter is closed the hinge is folded up between
the door and its frame. A hinge like that represented in
fig. 509, the two parts of which are so fastened together
that they cannot readily be detached, is called a fast-
joint butt-hinge. See also Loose-joint Butt-hinge, and
Loose-pin Butt-hinge.
Button. This term, besides its usual meaning, is some-
times used to designate an Axle-collar, which see. See
Door-button. L-window Button.
Door-case-sash Button. V-window Button.
Eccentric Window-button. WJieel-box Button.
Window-button .
Cabin-car. A Conductor's Car, which see.
Caboose-car. A Conductor's Car, which see.
[ Cage. See Tank-valve Cage.
Camber. The upward deflection or bend of a beam, girder,
or truss.
Candle. See Car-candle. Hydraulic-pressed Car-candle.
Candle-bottom. A Candle-lamp Bottom, which see.
Candle-holder. The inside part of a candle-lamp bottom,
which is provided with a spring to feed or push the can-
dle up as it burns away. See fig. 4SG.
Candle-holder Cap. A thimble in a candle-holder against
which the top of a candle bears. See 21, fig. 2_6.
Candle-holder Cup. A metal cup which forms the bottom
of a candle-holder. See 22, fig. 486.
Candle-lamp. A lamp in which candles are burned.
See fig. 470.
Candle-lamp Bottom. A tubular arrangement which holds
the candle in a candle-lamp. It has suitable clips or
catches so that it can easily be attached or detached to or
from the under side of the lamp. It also has a spiral
spring in the inside by which the candle is pushed up as
it burns away. See fig. 485.
Candle-rods. Metal rods, which have a cup attached at
one end and a cap at the other, the whole, with a spring,
forming a candle-holder for a candle-lamp. See 23, fig.
486.
Candle-spring. A spiral spring which is placed in a candle-
CAN
32
CAR
holder to feed or push the candle up as it burns away.
See engraving of candle-holder. See 24, fig. 488.
Cane-seat. A seat made of woven strips of cane. See fig.
404.
Cannon-car. A car especially constructed for carrying
heavy cannon. Also called gun-car.
Canopy. See Lamp-canopy. A platform-hood is some-
times called a canopy.
Canvas. A coarse cloth made of cotton, used for the out-
side covering of street-car roofs and for upholstering
seats. See Roofing-canvas.
Cap. The top or covering of anything. See
Ann-cap. Lower Cap of Triple-valve.
Belt-rail Cap. Main Cap of Triple-valve.
Bolster-spring Cap. Reversing-cylinder Cap.
Bralce-hose Coupling-cap. Reversing-valve Cap.
Candle-holder Cap. Right-chamber Cap.
Coupling-cap. Smoke-pipe Cap.
Equalizing - bar - spring Spiral-spring Cap.
Cap. Spring-cap.
Inside-lining Cap. Tank-nozzle Cap.
Leakage-valve Cap. Trimming Cap.
Left-chamber Cap. Truss-plank Cap.
Lever-frame Cap. Upper Cap of Triple-valve.
Windoiv-sill Cap.
Car. A term used in the United States to designate any
vehicle or carriage for running on a railroad. As the
term is usually employed it denotes any vehicle used for
transportation and not belonging to the motive power of
a railroad. See
Baggage-car. Derrick-car.
Boarding-car. Double-deck Cattle-car.
Bob-tail Street-car. Double-deck Street-car.
Box-car. Drawing-room Coir.
Box Cattle-car. Drop-bottom Car.
Cabin-car. Dump-car.
Caboose-car. Eight-wheeled Box-car.
Cannon-car. Eight - wheeled Gondola
Cattle-car. Coal-car.
Coach. Eight-wheeled Hopper-
Coal-car. bottom Coal-car.
Coal Dump-car. Excursion Street-car.
Coal-hopper. Express-car.
Combined Baggage and Express Hand-car.
Express or Mail Car. Fare-box Street-car.
Combined Box and Cattle Ferry Push-car.
Car. First-class Car.
Combined Passenger and Flat-car.
Mail, Baggage, or Ex- Folding-side Gondola-car.
press Car. Four-wheeled Box-car.
Conductor's Car. Four - wheeled Gondola-
Crank Hand-car. ear.
CAR
33
CAS
Four-icheeled Hopper-
bottom Coal-car.
Freight-car.
Gondola-car.
Grain-car.
Gravel-car.
Gun-car.
Band-car.
Hay-car.
Hopper-bottom Coal-car.
Hopper-bottom Gondola
Coal-car.
Horse-car.
Hotel-car.
House-car.
Ice-car,
Inclined-plane Car.
Inspection car.
Inspection Hand-car.
Iron-hopper Coal-car.
Lever Hand-car.
Lodging-car.
Mail-car.
Milk-car.
Mine-car.
Oil-car.
One-horse Street-car.
Ore-car.
Palace-car.
Passenger-car.
Post-office Car.
Push Baggage-car.
Push-car.
Postal-car,
Railroad-car.
Refrigerator-car.
Restaurant-car.
Reversible Street-car.
Second-class Car,
Slat Cattle-car.
Sleeping-car.
Steam-car.
Stock-car.
Street-car.
Suburban Excursion-car.
Summer Street-car.
Sweeping-car.
Tank-car.
Tliree-wheeled Hand-car.
Tip-car.
Top-seat Street-car.
Tool-car.
Train-car. Wrecking-car.
Car-axle. A shaft made of wrought-iron or steel to which
a pair of car-wheels are attached. See 2, figs. 88-129
and figs. 143, 144. la nearly all cases the wheels are both,
rigidly fastened to the axle, but sometimes one, or both
of them, is made so that it can turn independently of the
axle. The following are the names of the parts of an
axle indicated by numbers in fig. 143. : 1, Centre of Axle ;
2, Neck of Axle ; 3, Wheel-seat ; 4, Dust-guard Bearing ;
5, Collar ; 6, Journal. See Hammered Car-axle. Master
Car-builders' Standard Axle. Standard Car-axle.
Car-box. A Journal-box, which see.
Car-candle. A candle made especially for lighting cars.
Such candles are usually made of larger diameter than
those ordinarily used. They are commonly burned in
candle-lamps. See Hydraidie-pressed Car-candle.
Car-coupler. An appliance for connecting or coupling cars
together. The term is used generally to designate an
apparatus which acts automatically. See Janney Car-
coupler. Miller Car-coupler.
Car-door Lock. A lock for a car-door. Usually the term
is used to designate a lock for a passenger-car door. See
fig. 522.
Card-rack. A small receptacle on the outside of a fieight-
car to receive cards on which the shipping directions for
CAR
34
CAR
the freight, with which the car is loaded, is written.
See 80, figs. 55, 60.
Car-fittings. Car-furnishings, which see.
Cax-furnishings. The hardware, upholstery materials, and
other fittings, such as lamps, ventilators, water-coolers,
etc., used in finishing a passenger-car.
Car-gong. A Signal-bell, which see.
Car-heater. Any apparatus for heating cars by convection,
that is. by conveying hot water, steam, or warmed
air into, or through, the car. It generally refers to any
arrangement for warming cars other than stoves. See
Spear Anti-clinker Car-heater. Baker Car-heater.
Carline, or Car ling. A transverse bar of wood or iron which
extends across the top of a car or from one side to the
other, and which supports the roof-boards. See 81, figs.
56, 58, 61, 62, 64, 69, 70, 72 ; 100, figs. 215, 221, 225, 226,
229 : 53, figs. 750, 752. A carline is sometimes called a
Rafter, which see. See
Clear-story Carline. Platform-lwod Carline.
Compound Carline. Platform-roof Carline.
End Carline. Platform-roof-end Carline.
Main Carline. Profile Carline.
Short Carline.
Car-platform. A floor at the end and on the outside of a
car, and supported by projecting timbers below the car-
body. On passenger and street cars such platforms are-
intended to facilitate the ingress and egress of passengers
to and from the car. On freight-cars they are used for
the convenience of train-men. See 34, figs. 215, 216, 217.
219, 220, 223, 228, 229, 232; 104, figs. 750—752.
Car-pump. A Wash-room Pump, which see.
Carriage-bolt. A bolt which is made square under the head
so as to prevent it from turning when in its place, and
which has a metal thread and nut on the opposite end.
Such bolts usually have button-shaped heads and are
used for fastening wooden objects together. See fig-
778.
Carrier. That which carries or supports something. See
. Brake-lxanger Carrier. Parallel Brake-hanger Car-
Foot-rest Carrier. rier.
Spmng-pilank Carrier.
Car-roof. A covering for a car, consisting of rafters or car-
lines covered with boards or other material. See
Corrugated-metal Car - Plank Car-roof.
roof. Tin Car-roof.
Double-board Car-roof. Winslow Car-roof.
Carry-iron. See
Draw-bar Carry-iron. Inner Draw-bar Carry-iron*
Car-seaL A disc of lead or other soft metal, with two holes
through it to receive a piece of twisted wire, which is
first passed through a hasp or ring m a car-door and an-
CAR
35
CAR
other in the car-door post, so as to hold the door shut.
The seal is then stamped with suitable dies so as to leave
some device on it which must be defaced before the door
can be opened unless the wire is cut. Either will reveal
that the door has been opened. See figs. 539, 540. Seals
made of glass, hard rubber and other material are also
used. These are attached to some kind of latch or lock
so that when the latter is fastened the car-door can-
not be opened without breaking or defacing the
seal.
Car-seat. This term is applied to the complete set of fix-
tures on which passengers sit in a car. It consists of a
seat-frame, cushions, back, arm-rest, foot-rest, and their
attachments. Ordinarily, the seats in American cars
used on steam roads are placed cross-wise of the car; and
are made so that two passengers can sit on one seat, and
the backs of the seats are generally made reversible
so that passengers can sit and face either way, and are
sometimes called reversible seats. See 122, figs. 215, 216,
218, 219, 220, 229, 230 ; figs. 400-407. The seats of street-
cars are usually placed longitudinally on each side of the
car as shown in figs. 750-752, extending its full length,
and the passengers sit facing each other. See
Cane-seat. Rattan Car-seat.
Perforated-veneer Seat. Side-seat.
Car-spring. This a general term applied to springs on
which the weight of a car rests, and also to draw and
buffer springs. See
Auxiliary Buffer-spring. Nest-spring.
Combination Elliptic- Paragon Spiral-spring,
spring. Quadruple-coil Spiral-
Compound Spiral-spring. spring.
Couplet of Springs. Quadruplet of Springs.
Cluster-spring. Quintuplet of Springs.
Dinsmore Spiral-spring. Round-bar Spiral-spring.
Double-coil Nest-spring. Rubber- centre Spiral-
Draft-spring. spring.
Draw-spring. Rubber-spring.
Edge-rolled Spiral-spring. Set of Springs.
Elliptic- spring. Sextuplet of Springs.
Equal-bar Nest-spring. Spiral-spring.
Equalizing-bar Spiring. Spool-shaped Spiral-
Flat-bar Spiral-spring. spring.
Group-spring. Square-bar Spiral-spring.
Cum-spring. Triple-coil Nest-spring.
Half Elliptic-spring. Triplet of Springs.
Hibbard-spring. Volute-spring.
India-rubber Car-spring. Wool-packed Spiral-
Journal-spring. spring.
Keg-shaped Spiral-spring.
Car-truck. A group of two or more pairs of wheels and axles
attached to a frame with suitable journal-boxes, springs,
CAR
36
CAR
jaws, etc., to form, a complete carriage, and intended to
carry one end of a car-body. The latter is attached to
the track by a pair of centre-plates, and a centre-pin or
king-bolt, about which the truck can swivel. Most
American cars are carried on two trucks, one placed near
each end of the car-body. In Europe, a truck is often
called a bogie. Figs. 8S-129 are illustrations of different
kinds of car-trucks.
Car-washer. A brush made for washing the outside of
passenger cars. They are made of bristles or feathers.
See fig. 792.
Car-wheeL A wheel for a railroad car. Such wheels are
usually made in this country of cast-iron with a chilled
tread and flange. The portion of such wheels between
the hub and tread generally consists of one or two cast-
iron discs or plates. AVhen one is used they are called
single-plate ivheels, and when two, double-plate wheels.
When one disc is used, it is sometimes made fiat, with
ribs on the back, and sometimes corrugated, without ribs.
The discs of double-plate wheels are generally corrugated.
What is known as the Washburn pattern of wheel has two
corrugated discs extending from the hub about half way
to the tread, and a single plate, with curved ribs on the
back, between the tread and the double plates. Cast-
iron wheels are also made with spokes, wliich are either
solid or tubular, with steel tires either welded or bolted
to or shrunk on cast-iron centres, and also with wooden
or paper discs, or centres, and steel tires. See 1, figs.
88-127; 25-25, fig. 138. The parts of wheels are the
flange, tread, rim, face of rim, tire, retaining rings^
plate, ribs, spokes, centre, hub, arid axle-seat. See
Broad-tread Wlieel. Paper-wheel.
Combination Plate-wheel. Plate-wheel.
Combination-ivheel. Sax and Rear Wlieel.
Compromise-wheel. Single-plate Wlieel.
Double-plate Wheel. Spoke-wheel.
Elastic-wheel. Steeled-wheel.
Sand-car Wheel. Steel-tired Wlieel.
Holloa-spoke Wlieel. Steel-wheel.
Narrow-tread Wlieel. Street-car Wlieel.
Open-plate Wlieel. Washburn Wlieel.
Pair of Wlieels. Wrought-iron Wlieel.
Car-window Brush. A brush used for washing car-
windows. See fig. 793.
Case. "A covering, box, or sheath: that which incloses
or contains: as, a case for knives; a case for books:
a watch case; a pillow case." — Webster. See
Brake-hose Coupling-ease. Bamp-case.
Coupling-case. Leakage-valve Case.
Boor-case. Spring-case.
Triple-valve Case.
CAS
37
CEN
Casing. That which forms a case. See
Heater-pipe Casing. Perforated Smoke-pipe
Inside-casing. Casing.
Outside-casing. Smoke-pipe Casing.
Window-casing.
Casing, for Spear heater. A cylindrical sheet-iron cover
by which, the fire-pot is inclosed so as to leave an air-
space between the two. See 16, figs, 550-554.
Casting. Any piece of metal which has been cast in a
mould. See
Corner-casting. Roof Corner-casting.
Draw-bar Side-casting. Side-casting.
Eccentric-lever Casting. Transom-easting.
Roller Side-bearing Casting.
Cast-iron Top, for Baker heater. A plate which forms the
top of the fire- chamber of a Baker heater. It is made
with perforations around the outside, and has an opening
in the centre through which the fire in the stove is sup-
plied with coal. See 8, fig. 581 ; fig. 589.
Castor. A small wheel on a swivel, attached to furni-
ture, and on which it is rolled on the floor. See Chair-
castor. Sofa-castor. Socket-castor.
Catch. See Door-holder Catch. Sliding-door-holder Catch.
Catcher. See Mail-catcher.
Cattle-car. A car made for transporting live-stock. Such
cars are made with grated doors and windows as well as
tight doors for closing in cold weather. They are also
made with slats which leave about one-half the sides and
ends open. The former are called box cattle-cars, and
the latter slat cattle-cars. Cattle-cars are also called stock-
cars. See figs. 15, 69-72. See Double-deck Cattle-car.
Combined Box and Cattle-car.
Ceiling. The inside or under surface of the roof or cover-
ing of a room or car opposite the floor. This term is
sometimes used to mean sheathing, which see. See also,
Deafening Ceiling.
Ceiling-veneers. Thin boards with which the ceilings of
passenger-cars are covered.
Centre. See Wheel-centre.
Centre-bearing. The place in the centre of a truck where
the weight of a car-body rests. A plate attached to the
car-body — called a body centre-plate — here rests on an-
other fastened to the truck, called a truck centre-plate.
The general term, centre-bearing, is used to designate
the whole arrangement and the functions which it per-
forms. See Body Centre-plate. Truck Centre-plate.
Centre-bearing Arch-bar. The upper or compression
member of a centre-bearing bridge which supports the'
centre-bearing of a six-wheeled truck. See 66, figs. 129,
130.
Centre-bearing Beam. A transverse beam which forms
the centre member of a bolster for a six-wheeled truck,
CEN
38
CEN
and to which the centre-plate is attached. See 65, figs.
129, 130.
Centre-bearing Bridge. A longitudinal iron bar, truss, or
wooden beam, the ends of which rest on the spring-
beams of a six-wheeled truck, and by which the truck
centre-beam is supported. See 66, 67, figs. 129, 130.
Centre-bearing Inverted Arch-bar. The lower or tension
member of a centre-bearing bridge which supports the
centre-bearing block of a six-wheeled truck. See 67,
figs. 129, 130.
Centre-block. A Centre-plate Block, which see.
Centre-body Truss-rod. When two or more body truss-
rods are used under each side of a car-body, those nearest
the centre are called centre-body truss-rods.
Centre Brake-lever. A horizontal lever placed underneath
the bottom of a car-body, and attached to the latter by a
fixed fulcrum in the centre of the body and of the lever.
It is connected to each of the brake-beams by rods attached
to it near the fulcrum, and its ends by rods and chains,
with a brake-windlass on each platform. See 9, figs.
641, 644, 0-15 ; 139, figs. 750-753.
Centre Brake-lever Chain. A chain used on the Elder-
brake, which runs over pulleys on a lever attached un-
derneath the centre of the car-body. See 10, fig. 645.
Centre-brake-lever Sheave. A pulley attached to a centre-
brake-lever of an Elder-brake, over which a chain runs
which is used in applying the brakes. See 11, fig.
645.
Centre-brake-lever Spider. A wrought-iron support,
resembling the letter j-j in form, by which a centre-
brake-lever is attached to a car-body See 130, figs. 750,
751.
Centre Door-rail. See Middle Door-rail.
Centre-draft Draw-bar. A draw-bar which is connected
directly with the king-bolt of a truck. See 32, figs. 229-
232.
Centre Floor-timbers. The two main longitudinal tim-
bers underneath the floor which are nearest the centre
of the car. See 4, figs. 55-84, 216-230.
Centre-lamp. A lamp suspended from the centre of the
ceiling of a car. The term is used to distinguish centre-
lamps from side-lamps; the latter being attached to the
sides of cars. See 135, fig. 21S; figs. 470-473.
Centre-piece, for Engine and Air-pump of Westinghouse-
brake. An iron casting which forms the lower head of
a steam-cylinder, and the upper head of an air-cylin-
der, and which has suitable projecting recesses cast with
it, which form stuffing-boxes for the piston-rod. See 4,
figs. 664, 665: fig. 668.
Centre-pin. A King-bolt, which see.
Centre-plate. One of a pair of plates, usually made of
CEN
39
CHA
cast-iron, which support a car-body on the centre of a
truck. See
Body Centre-plate. Male Centre-plate.
Female Centre-plate. Truck Centre-plate.
Centre-plate Block. A piece of wood placed under a
truck centre-plate to raise it up to the proper height.
See 64, figs. 109-111 ; figs. 119-126.
Centre-shaft. A Winding-shaft, which see.
Centre-stop, for Tip-car. An iron bracket or wooden block,
which is attached to a draw -timber, and holds the body
of a tip-car from moving longitudinally on the running
gear. See 161, fig. 81.
Chafing-plate. A metal plate interposed to resist wear be-
tween two surfaces which rub or wear against each
other. Such plates are used on brake-beams, truck-
transoms, and swinging spring-beams. See
Brake-beam Chafing- Draw-bar Chafing-plate.
plate. Transom Chafing-plate.
Check-chain Cliafing- Truck-bolster Chafing-plate.
plate. Coupling-pin Chafing-plate.
Chain. "A series of links or rings connected, or fitted in-
to one another, usually made of some kind of metal." —
Webster. See
Basin-chain. Brake-shaft Chain.
Berth-chain. Centre Brake-lever Chain.
Brake Safety-chain. Check-chain.
Coupling-eliain.
Coupling-pin Chain.
Door-pin Chain.
Drop-bottom Chain.
Horizontal-brake-shaft
Chain.
Lock-chain.
Chain Coupling-link.
Man-hole-cover Chain.
Platform-railing Chain.
Railing-chain.
Safety-coupling Chain.
Tank-nozzle-cap Chain.
TJncoupling-chain,
Wedge-chain.
Two or more coupling-links at-
tached together like a chain. See 1, fig. 271.
Chain-holder. See Basin-chain Holder.
Chain-pulley, for Creamer-brake. An inclined pulley on
top of the iron pipe which guards the connecting-chain,
and over which it runs.
Chair. See Revolving-chair.
Chair-arm Cap. An Arm-shield, which see.
Chair-castor. A small wheel and swivel attached to the
legs of chairs so that they can be easily moved on the
floor. See fig. 390.
Chair-leg Socket. A hollow casting which fits on the end
of a chair-leg and forms a foot or shoo for the latter.
Such sockets are sometimes provided with wheels on
which the chair is rolled and sometimes they are with-
out them. See fig. 392.
Chamber. See Dust-guard Chamber.
Chamber-cap. See Right Chamber-cap.
CHA
Chaplet. A piece of iron used in a mould for casting, to
hold a core in its place.
Check-chain. A chain attached to a truck and the body
of a car to prevent the former from swinging crosswise
on the track in case the wheels leave the rails. Such
chains are usually attached either to two, or to each of
the four corners of a truck and to the sills of the cars.
See 68, fig. 122 ; 18, figs. 215, 218.
Check-chain Chafing-plate. A plate attached to a truck-
timber to resist the wear of a check-chain.
Check-chain Eye. See Body Check-chain Eye. Truck
Check-chain Eye.
Check-chain Hook. See Body Check-chain Hook. Truck
Check-chain Hook.
Check-valve, for Westinghouse Driving-wlieel Brake. A
valve which is placed in the pipe which connects a
driving- wheel brake-cylinder with the air-reservoir. The
pressure in the reservoir causes the valve to seat itself or
close. The air must then flow through a small hole
which is drilled in the valve, which prevents the brakes
from being applied too suddenly. When the brakes are
released, this valve unseats, and permits a quick escape
of the air. See fig. 731. See Double Check-valve.
Chill. The state of hardness which is produced when
some kinds of melted cast-iron are allowed to solidify in
contact with a metal (usually iron) mould. The hardened
40 CIB,
part of a car-wheel is called the chill. The mould in
which a chill is produced is sometimes called a chill,
but the name chill-mould has been given to this, which
see.
Chill-mould. A mould, as for the tread of a car-wheel,
into which melted cast-iron is poured in order to chill or
harden the portions which solidify in contact with the
mould.
Chilson's Stove. A stove for heating cars, which is named
after the manufacturer. See fig. 546.
Chimney. A passage, tube, or duct for conveying smoke
and other volatile matter from a stove or lamp, etc. See
Globe-chimney. Lamp-case Chimney.
Lamp- Chimney. Lamp-globe Chimney.
Chord. The outside top or bottom member of a truss. See
Bottom- chord. Lower-chord Top-chord.
Circulating-drum, for Baker heater. A cast-iron cylin-
drical vessel, with hemispherical ends, which is placed
on top of a car and is filled with water. It is connected
by a pipe with the coil in the stove, and also with the pipes
which extend through the car to heat it. As the water
in the coil becomes heated it ascends to the drum and
from there it descends through the other pipe to tho
radiating pipes in the car, and after passing through
them it is brought back by return pipes to the coil in the
stove, when it is again heated, and thus a continuous.
CLA
41
CLE
current or circulation of the water is kept up. See 23,
fig. 581 ; fig. 602.
Clamp. 1. "In general, something that fastens or binds;
a piece of timber or of iron used to fasten work together. "
— Webster.
2. (Joinery). "A frame with two tightening screws
by which two portions of an article are tightly compressed
together, either while being formed, or while their glue
joint is drying." — Knight. See Clear-story Window-
sector Clamp. Platform-timber Clamp.
Clapper. See Signal-bell Clapper.
Clear-story. " An upper story or row of windows in a
church, tower or other erection, rising clear above the
adjoining parts of the building." — Webster. Hence, the
portion of a car-roof which rises above the main roof,
with windows or openings for ventilation on the sides.
This portion of a car has been called the raised-roof,
monitor-top, dome, upper-deck, texas, and other incon-
gruous names. See 110-110, figs. 215-230; 56-56, figs.
750, 752, 753.
Clear-story Bottom-rail. A horizontal timber running
lengthwise of a car and fastened to the rafters or carlines
of the main roof, or to the clear-story sill, and which
forms the base into which the posts of the clear-story
are framed. See 112, fig. 227; 57, figs. 750, 752.
Clear-story Carline. A timber on top of a clear-story, and
which extends from one side to the other, and supports
the roof boards. See 118, fig. 215, 218, 219, 221, 222, 224,
227, 229, 230; 60, figs. 750, 752.
Clear-story Eaves-moulding. A wooden moulding at-
tached to the outside edge of the roof of a clear-story.
See 119, fig. 227.
Clear-story End-panel. A panel in the end of a clear-story.
See 116, figs. 218, 219, 221, 222, 224.
Clear-story End-sill. A horizontal timber running cross-
wise of a car and secured to the rafters or carlines or to
the end of a car-body, and which forms the base for the
end of the clear-story. See 113, figs. 215, 219, 221.
Clear-story End-ventilator. An aperture in the end of a
clear-story for the admission or escape of air. This
aperture is usually opened or closed by a swinging panel.
See 116, figs, 215, 218, 219, 221, 222, 224; 61, figs. 750,
753.
Clear-story End-ventilator Hood. A projecting screen,
made of tin or sheet-iron, placed over the aperture of an
end- ventilator of a street-car to prevent snow and rain
from blowing into the car. See 63, fig. 750.
Clear-story Inside-cornice. A moulding on the inside of
a passenger-car, which fills the angle formed where the
ceiling or roof of the clear-story joins the side. See 120,
fig. 227.
Clear-story Plate. A horizontal timber running le.-.g h-
CLE
42
CLE
wise of the car on top of the clear-story posts, or mullions,
and to which the clear-story carlines are attached. See
117, figs. 215, 218, 219, 221,222, 224, 227. Also called a
Clear-story Top-rail.
Clear-story Post. An upright piece of wood which con-
nects the clear-story plate with the bottom-rail. In
street-cars they are attached to the main rafters or car-
lines at the lower end, and to the clear-story carlines at
the upper end. See 115, figs. 215, 219, 221, 229; 53, figs.
750, 752.
Clear-story Side. A wooden frame, consisting of a plate,
rail, posts and panels, or windows, which forms the side
of a clear-story, and occupies the space between the main
roof and that of the clear-story.
Clear-story Side-panel. A panel in the side of a clear-
story between the windows or ventilators.
Clear-story Side-ventilator. An opening in the side of a
clear-story for the admission or escape of air to or from a
cai\ See 143, fig. 215; fig. 348. This term is also used to
designate the door or valves and their attachments for
opening and closing the aperture.
Clear-story Sill. A horizontal timber attached to the in-
ner ends of the roof, ribs, or short carlines, and on winch
the clear-story side rests. See 111, figs. 215, 21S, 221,
222, 224, 226.
Clear-story-sill Facing. Thin boards or mouldings at-
tached to the inside of a clear-story sill, for ornament.
See 114, fig. 227.
Clear-story Soffit-board. A board on the under side of
the overhanging cornice of a clear-story roof. See 121,
fig. 227.
Clear-story Tcp-raiL A Clear-story Plate, which see.
Clear-story Ventilator. A ventilator in the clear-story of
a car. See Clear-story End-ventilator. Clear-story Side-
ventilator.
Clear-story "Window An opening covered with a glazed
sash in the sides of a clear-story. See 144, figs. 215, 219,
221, 228, 229; 59, fig. 230.
Clear-story Window-latch. A spring-bolt attached to a
clear-story window-sash to fasten it or hold it shut. See
fig. 330.
Clear-story Window-latch Keeper. A plate attached to a
clear-story window-frame with a suitable opening in
which the bolt of a clear-story window-latch engages.
See fig. 331.
Clear-story 'Window-opener. A lever or rod by which a
window, ventilator, sash, or panel in a clear-story is held in
any desired position. See fig. 333.
Clear-story Window-pivot. A metal stud or spindle at-
tached to a suitable flange by which it is fastened to a
clear-story window-sash, and on which the latter turns.
See figs. 327, 770.
CLE
43
COA
Clear-story "Window-pivot Bushing. A ring or lining
for the hole in a clear-story -window-post in which a win-
dow-pivot works. Same as fig. 310.
Clear-story "Window-pivot Plate. A plate attached to a
window-post, or frame with a hole or eye in which a
window-pivot works. Sometimes they are provided with
springs so as to prevent the sash from rattling. See fig.
771.
Clear-story Window-pulL A screw-ring attached to a
clear-story window-sash to open and close it. See fig.
332.
Clear-story Window-sector. A bar or plate of metal of the
form of pzvt of a circle, and which is used as a guide or
stop to control the movement of a clear-story window.
See 2, fig. 3C6.
Clear-story Window-sector Clamp. A metal band at-
tached to a clear-story window, and which embraces a
clear-story window-sector, and on which the latter slides.
See 1, fig. 326.
Cleat. "1. A narrow strip of wood nailed on in joinery.
2. A term applied to small wooden projections in tackle
to fasten ropes by."— Webster.
Cleveland-truck. A Diamond-truck, which see.
Clevis. " A stirrup-skaped metallic strap used in connec-
tion with a pin to connect a draft-chain or tree to a plow
or other tool.'' — Kniglit. The term is applied to various
kinds of irons resembling a plow clevis in shape, and also
to bolts with forked ends. See Brake-lever Clevis. Draw-
clevis.
Clinch-nail. A wrought-iron nail, so named because it
can be bent or clinched without breaking.
Closed-door-stop. A block or strip of wood or piece of
iron fastened to the side of a freight car to prevent out-
side sliding-doors from moving too far when they are
closed. See 72, fig. 55; 60.
Close Return-bend. A short cast-iron tube made of a [J-
shape, for uniting the ends of two wrought-iron pipes.
It differs from an open return-bend in having the two
branches in contact wit h each other. See fig. 617.
Closet. See Water-closet.
Cluster-spring-. A Group-spring, which see.
Clutch-coupling. See Brake-hose Clutch-coupling.
Coach. This term is used to designate a first-class pas-
senger-car in distinction from second-class, smoking,
drawing-room, sleeping, and other cars for carrying pas-
sengers. See fig. 4.
Coal-car. A car especially designed for carrying coal.
Ordinary platform-cars with sideboards are much used
for that purpose. Four-wheeled cars, with drop-bottoms,
and iron cars, with four, six and eight wheels, also with
drop-bottoms, are made for that purpose. See
Coal Dump-car. Coal-hopper.
COA
44
COM
Eight-zvlieeled Gondola
Coal-car.
Eight-wJieeled Hopper-
bottom Coal-car.
Four-wheeled Gondola
Coal-car,
Fcnir-whcelcd Hopper-
bottom Coal-car.
Ho2>per-bottom Coal-car.
Hopper-bottom Gondola
Coal-car.
Iron-lwpper Coal-car.
Coal Dump-car. A term applied to all coal-cars with drop-
bottoms or tilting arrangements for unloading the coal
which they carry. See figs. 24, 25, 26, 27.
Coal-hopper. See Hopper-bottom Coal-car. Iron-hopper
Coal-car.
Coal-oil Burner. See Mineral-oil Burner.
Coat and Hat-hook. A metal hook with two prongs, one
for hanging a coat on and the other for a hat. See fig.
446.
Coat-hook. A hock with one prong used for hanging a
coat or other light article on. See fig. 444.
Cock. "A spout; an instrument to draw out or discharge
liquor from a cask, vat, or pipe." — Webster. See
Bibb-cock. Reservoir Drain-cooh.
Combination-cock. Self-closing cock.
Drain-cock. Stop-cock.
Draw-off Cock. Telegraph-cock.
Four-way-cock Plug. Tliree-way Cock.
Vertical Telegraph-cock.
Cocoa Floor-mat. See Floor-mat.
Coil, for Baker Car-heater. An iron pipe which is bent
into a spiral form and placed inside of a Baker heater
next the fire, for heating water which circulates tlirough
the coil. See 20, fig. 581; 601.
Cold-air Pipe, for Spear Heater. A pipe by which cold
air is conducttd from a hood on top of the car to the
bottom of the stove, and into the air-space between the
stove and the stove casing. See 2-2, figs. 550, 551, 554.
Cold-shot. Small globules of iron resembling ordinary
gun-shot, which are found in the chilled portion of cast-
iron wheels.
Collar. " A ring or round flange upon or against an ob-
ject."— Knight. See Axle-collar. Deck-collar. Dust-
collar.
Collar, for Creamer-brake. A cast-iron ring which is fast-
ened to the brake-shaft under the cross-bar by a set-
screw to prevent the shaft from being lifted up by the
action of the jointed-top pawl. See 11. fig. 646.
Combination-cock, for Baker Car-heater. A cock at-
tached to the circulating drum of a Baker car-heater to
fill it with water. See 25, figs. 5S1; 604.
Combination Elliptic-spring'. An elliptic-spring with
■which auxiliary rubber bearings at the ends are com-
bined. The load, instead of resting on the centre of the
spring, bears on two rubber bearings each placed about
COM
43
CON
one-third the length of the spring from the end. See
fig. 1SS.
Combination Plate-wheel. A wheel with a single centre-
plate, but with a recess cast around the hub as shown in
the engraving. See figs. 159, 160.
Combination-wheel. A term applied by Mr. Lobdell to a
wheel which he patented, and which has a projection
cast on the inside of the rim opposite to the flange.
Combined Baggage and Express or Ilail-car. A car
divided into two or three compartments, one of them
for carrying baggage and the other one or two for car-
rying either express or mail matter or both. See fig. 7.
Combined Eox and Cattle-car. A car so constructed as
to be suited for carrying either cattle or other kinds of
freight and merchandise. See fig. 14.
Combined Passenger and Mail, Baggage or Express-
car. A car divided into two or more compartments for
carrying passengers in one, and baggage, mails, or ex-
press-matter in others. See iig. 8.
Compound-bolster. A bolster composed of one or more
sticks of timber stiffened with vertical plates of iron. See
fig. 239.
Compound-carline. A tarline of which the main, or cen-
tral portion is made of wrought-iron with a piece of
■wood on each side. They are commonly used for cars
with clear-stcries, and either extend directly from one
plate to the other, or are bent to conform to the shape of
the clear-story. In the latter case, they are called Pro-
file-carlines, which see. See 100, figs. S15, 221, 229, 248.
Compound Epiral-spring. A spring made of a flat bar
of metal coiled edgewise on a mandrel, and with the
spaces between the coils filled with India-rubber. See
fig. 207.
Compression-bar. A bar which is subjected to a com-
pressive strain. See Body-bolster Compression-bar.
Compression-beam. A horizontal timber in the side of a
car-body, which acts as the compression-member of a
truss for strengthening the body. See 1, fig. 245.
Compression-beam Erace. A brace used in connection
with a compression-beam to form a truss in the side of a
passenger-car. See 2, fig. 245.
Compression-member. Any bar, beam, brace, etc. .which
is subjected to strains of compression, and forms part of
a frame, truss, beam, girder, etc. Struts, body-braces,
etc., are compression-members. See Tension-member.
Compression-rod Brake. An inner-hung brake with a
single lever, which is connected with the brake-beam far-
thest from it by a rod or bar which is subjected to a
strain of compression when the brakes are applied. See
fig. 639.
Compromise-wheel. A Broad-tread Wheel, which see.
Conductor's Car. A car attached to freight trains for the
COST
46
CON
accommodation of the conductor and train-men, and used
for protecting them from undue exposure to the weather,
and for carrying lanterns, flags, ropes and various stores,
tools, etc., required on freight trains while on the road.
Also called caboose-car and cabin-car. Such cars are
often made with a clear-story, which is used for display-
ing train-signals which can be seen by the locomotive
runner, and also by following trains. An elevated seat is
arranged in the clear-story to give the conductor a good
position to see the condition of the train. Conductors'
cars are made with four or eight wheels. See figs. 10, 11.
Conductor's Lantern. A lantern with a large ring or bail
attached to it, by which it can be held on the arm by a
conductor while he is collecting tickets and attending to
his other duties. See fig. 501.
Conductor's-valvc, for Westinghouse Automatic-brake.
A valve placed at some convenient point in a car and
operated by a cord extending through the train within
reach of the conductor. See fig. 734.
Conductor's-valvs Discharg-e-pipe, for Westinghouse Au-
tomatic-brake. A pipe leading from the conductor's-
valve down through the floor of the car. See 28, fig. 661.
Conductor's-valve Pipe, for Westinghouse Automatic-
brake. A pipe which connects a brake-pipe with the
conductor's-valve. See 27, fig. 661.
Cong-don Brake-shoe. A brake-shoe invented and pat-
ented by Mr. J. H. Congdon, Master of Machinery of the
Union Pacific Railroad. It consists of a cast-iron shoe,
with pieces of wrought-iron cast in it in the face or rub-
bing surface, so as to give it greater endurance than it
would have if made of cast-iron alone. See fig. 634.
Connecting-rod. A rod which connects two or more parts
or objects together. See Brake-shaft Connecting-rod.
Connecting-rod, for Creamer brake. A vertical rod con-
nected at the lower end to the tripping lever and at the
upper end with a branch line to the bell-cord, and by
which the side-pawl is disengaged from the drum and the
brakes are applied. See 8, fig. 646.
Connecting-rod, for Hand-car. An iron rod which con-
nects the bell-crank and crank-shaft of a hand-car to-
gether, and by which the latter is operated. See 24,
figs. 772, 773, 775.
Continuous-brake. A system of brakes so arranged that
by connecting together the brake apparatus on the differ-
ent vehicles forming a train it can be operated on all of
them from cne or more points on the train, as from the
engine or from any of the cars. See
Air-brake. Smith's Vacuum-brake.
Earnes^ Vacuum-brake. Vacuum-brake.
Empire Vacuum-brake. Westinghouse Air-brake.
Loughridge Air-brake. Westinghouse Automatic
Air-brake.
CON
47
COR
Continuous-frame Truck. A car-truck with an iron
frame, the sides and ends of which are all made in one
piece. Figs. 105-107 are engravings of such a truck.
Continuous Truck-frame. An iron bar which is welded
together in a rectangular shape so as to form the sides
and ends of a truck-frame. See 9, figs. 105-107.
Cooler. See Water-cooler.
Corner-hand. See Corner-plate.
Cope. The upper portion of a mould or flask used in mak-
ing metal castings.
Cord. "A string or small rope, composed of several
strands twisted together." — Webster. See Hat-cord.
Window-curtain Cord.
Comer-casting. A Knee-iron, which see. See also Roof
Corner-casting.
Corner-handle. A handle attached at or near the corner
of a freight-car for men to take hold of in climbing on and
off cars. Such handles are usually made of iron bars bent
into a suitable shape. See 102, figs. 60, 65, 69, 71, 82, 84.
Corner-plate. A wrought cr cast iron angle-plate or knee
on the outside corner of a freight-car body to strengthen
it at- that point and to protect the side and end sills and
sheathing from injury in case the car should come into
collision with another car or other object.
See Upper Corner-plate. Lower Corner-plate. Middle
Corner-plate.
Corner-post. The upright stick of timber at the corner of
a car-body which forms tbe corner of the frame. See
43, figs. 55-84 ; 61, figs. 215-229 ; 17, figs. 750-753.
Corner-post Brace. A bar of wrought-iron which is at-
tached to the corner-post, and extends diagonally from
it to the sill, which projects beyond the body. See 163,
fig. 81.
Corner-post Ornament. An ornamental casting on the
outside corner of a passenger-car.
Corner-post Pocket. A casting on top of the sills of a
car-body to receive a comer-post. See 45, figs. 69, 71, 72
77, 78, 79.
Corner-seat. A seat for the corner of a car, the back of
which is not reversible. See figs. 406, 407. See Left-
hand Seat. Right-hand Seat.
Corner Seat-end, A seat-end which forms a bracket that is
secured to the wall of a passenger-car for supporting the
outer end of a corner-seat. See figs. 406, 407. They are
of two kinds: right-hand and left-hand. A right-hand
end is one which would be on the right-hand side of a
person when seated in the corner-seat. See figs. 403, 40S.
A left-hand end is one which would come on the left-
hand side of a passenger in a similar position. See figs.
407, 409.
Corner-urinal. A urinal shaped so as to fit into the
corner of a car or room. See fig. 43S.
COR
48
cou
Corner Urinal-handle. A handle attached in the corner
of a water closet. See fig. 443. See Urinal-handle. Side
Urinal-handle.
Cornice. The mouldings at the eaves of the roof outside
of a car, and where the ceiling joins the sides and ends
of the car inside. There is, therefore, an inside and out-
side cornice. See 93 and 94, figs. 225, 226. See Clear-
story Inside-cornice. Window-cornice.
Corrugated-metal Car-rocf. A roof for freight-cars, con-
sisting of iron, steel, or zinc plates or sheets which extend
across the car and are fastened to the rafters and carlines.
The plates are covered with boards, which run length-
wise, and rest on roof-strips on top of the rafters and
carlines. See fig. 67.
Counter-brace. A brace which transmits strains in an
opposite direction to a main-brace. See 9, figs. 807, 809.
In car-building a counter-brace is a brace in the side of
the body, between its ends and the body-bolster. See
Body Counter-brace.
Counter-brace Rod. An inclined rod which acts as a
counter-brace in a frame, truss, girder, etc. See 11, figs.
806, 808. See also Body Counter-brace-rod.
Coupler. That which couples. In relation to cars the
term usually designates the appliances for coupling or
connecting cars together. See Car-coupler. Jan-
ney-car Coupler. Miller Car-coupler.
Couplet of Springs. Two elliptic springs, placed side by
side, and united in such a way as to act as one spring.
See 80, figs. 100, 108. Three springs united in this way
form a triplet, four a quadruplet, five a quintuplet, six a
sextuplet.
Coupling. " That which couples or connects, as a hook,
chain, or bar." — Webster. A coupling-link is often called
simply a Coupling. See
Basin-coupling. Bralce-hose Coupling.
Bell-cord Coupling. Clutch-coupling.
Berth Curtain-rod Coup- Coupling-link.
ling. Head-board Coupling.
Brake-hose Clutch-coup- Hose-coupling,
ling. Pipe-coupling.
Reducing Pipe-coupling.
Coupling-cap. See Brake-hose Coupling-cap.
Coupling-case. See Brake-hose-coupling Case.
Coupling-chain. See Safety-coupling-chain.
Coaling-hose. Brake-hose, which see.
Coupling-hook. A hook for coupling cars together. See
Draw-bar Coupling-hook. Draw-hook.
Coupling-link. A wrought-iron link or open bar by which
cars -with ordinary draw-heads are connected or coupled
together, The links are fastened to the draw-heads by
coupling pins. Coupling-links are often called simply
links or couplings. See 2 ; figs. 267, 269, 272. See
COTJ
Chain Coupling-link. Fast Coupling-link.
Crooked Coupling-link. Triple Coupling-link.
Coupling-link Rivet. A pin by which a fast coupling-link
is attached to a draw-bar. The pin is riveted fast in the
bar. See 1, figs. 267, 269.
Coupling-pin. A short bar of iron with which a coup-
ling-link is connected to a draw-bar. See 140, figs. 56,
60, 69, 73 ; figs. 274-277. See
Eye-liead Coupling-pin. Flat Coupling-pin.
Fast-Coupling-pin. Oval Coupling-pin.
Solid-head Coupling-pin.
Coupling-pin Chafing-plate, for Miller-platform. An iron
plate attached to the outside of a platform end-timber
opposite the hole which receives the coupling-link when
it is not in use. The purpose of the plate is to protect
the timber from being worn or chafed by the chain by
which the pin is fastened to tbe platform. See 40, figs.
283, 285.
Coupling-pin Chain. A small chain for fastening a
coupling-pin to the car-body to prevent the pin from
being lost. See 41, fig. 285.
Coupling-pin-chain Eye. An iron eye attached to the end
of a car for fastening a coupling-pin chain. See 42,
fig. 285.
Coupling-pin Plate, for Miller-platform. An iron plate
which is attached to the top of a platform end-timber
49 CRA
near the outside end, and which forms a guard or shield
for a hole in the timber to hold the pin when it is not in
use. See 39, figs. 283-285.
Coupling-spring, for Miller-coupler. A steel spring made
of two or more flat and nearly straight plates of steel
which bear against the back of a Miller draw-bar coup-
ling-hook so as to cause it to engage with the hook of the
adjoining car. See 49, fig. 282.
Coupling-spring Bracket, for Miller-platform. A cast-
iron lug attached to one of the draw-bar timbers, and to
which a bolt is fastened for drawing up or increasing the
tension on the coupling-spring. See 50, figs. 282, 283.
Coupling-valve. See Brake-hose-coupling Valve.
Coupling-valve Spring. See Brake-hose Coupling-valve
Spring.
Cover. See
Drum-cover. Urinal-cover.
Journal-box Cover. Windoiv-moidding-joint
Man-hole Cover. Cover.
Moulding-joint Cover.
Crank. "Literally abend or turn; hence an iron axis with
a part bent like an elbow, for producing a horizontal or
perpendicular motion by means of a rotary motion or the
contrary.'' — Webster. See Bell-crank. Brake-shaft crank.
Door-shaft crank.
Crank Hand-car. A hand-car which is worked by one or
CRA
50
CRO
two cranks connected by gearing with the axles of the
car. See figs. 43. 45.
Crank-shaft, for Hand-car. A short wrought-iron shaft
to which a crank of a hand-car is attached, which is
turned by suitable levers and is connected by gear-wheels
with one of the axles of the car. See 6, figs. 772-775.
Crank-shaft Bearings, for Hand-car. Iron boxes or
clamps which hold the crank-shaft of a hand-car in its
place, and in which it turns. See 7, figs. 773-775.
Creamer Safety-brake. A brake represented by figs. 646-
648, invented by "William. G. Creamer, of New York, and
which consists of an involute spring which is attached to
and acts on the brake-shaft. This spring is contained in
a case, or drum, 1, fig. 646. Before a train starts on
a trip the spring is wound up and held in a state of ten-
sion by a pawl, 6. In case of danger, the pawl is dis- \
engaged by a lever, 7, connected to the rod 8, which
is operated by the bell-cord. By this means the loco-
motive-runner, conductor, or brakemen can at any time
apply all the brakes, or they will be applied by the sep-
aration of the train.
Cricket-iron. A Scat-stand, which see.
Crooked Coupling-link. A coupling-link bent in such a
way as to couple draw-bars which vary considerably in
height. See fig. 273.
Crooked End-piece, of Truck-frame. An outside end-
piece of a truck which is bent or hollowed out on top so
as to clear the draw-timbers and draw-bar fixtures. See
17, figs. 90, 94.
Cross-bar, for Creamer-brake. A horizontal cast-iron bar
fastened to the platform-posts, and to which the bearings
for the brake-shaft and the pawls which hold the spring
are attached. See 2, figs. 646, 647.
Cross-bearer. A Cross-frame Tie-timber, which see.
Cross-frame King-post or Truss-block. A bearing for a
cross-frame truss-rod at the centre of the cross-frame tie-
timber.
Cross-frame Tie-timber. A transverse timber bolted to
the under side of the longitudinal sills and floor timbers
of a car-body between the bolsters, and to which the body,
king or queen posts, or truss-blocks are attached when
truss-rods are used under a car-body. See 22, figs. 55-72 ;
26, figs. 215, 216, 219, 221, 22S, 229.
Cross-frame Truss-rod. A rod with which a cross-frame
tie-timber is trussed. See 3, fig. 242.
Cross-frame Truss-rod Washer. A plate on the end of a
cross-frame tie-timber which forms a bearing for a nut
on the truss-rod. See 6, fig. 242.
Cross-head, for Westinghouse Driving-ivlieel Brake. A
wrought-iron T"snaPC(i head attached to the lower end
of a piston-rod of a driving-wheel brake, and to which
two links are attached, which connect the piston-rod
CRO 51
with the eccentric-levers which work the brake-heads.
See 6, figs. 747, 749.
Cross-head, for Westinghouse Car-brake. A forked cast-
ing attached to the outside end of a piston-rod for West-
inghouse car-brake, and to which one of the brake-levers
and also the releasing-lever are connected. See 3, figs.
660, 661 ; 6, figs. 729.
Cup. ' ' A small vessel of capacity used commonly to drink
out of, but the name is also given to vessels of like shape
used for other purposes." — Webster. See
Buffer-spring Cup. Dririking-cup.
Candle-holder Cup. Oil-cup.
Drain-cup. Side-bearing Cup.
Cupboard-bolt. A Flush-bolt, which see.
Cupboard-latch. A small metal lift-latch attached to a
cupboard-door to hold it shut. See fig. 538.
Cup-holder. A stand or rack for holding a drinking-cup.
See Alcove Cup-holder. See fig. 425.
Cup Side-bearing. A side-bearing for trucks, with a re-
ceptacle for holding oil and waste for lubricating the two
bearings. See 61, figs. 89, 112, 113, 116, 117, 124-126.
Cup-washer. A Socket-washer, which see.
Curled-hair. Hair from the tails or manes of cattle,
horses, etc., which is first spun into ropes, then wound
into coils, and either steeped or boiled in water. After
this the coil is dried and the hair unwound, which
CYL
leaves it in a curly and elastic state, suited for stuffing-
cushions, etc.
Curtain. A cloth hanging in front of or around any
space or object, as a window or sleeping-car berth, and
which may be contracted or spread at will. See Berth-
curtain. Summer Street-car Curtain. Window-cur-
tain.
Cushion. A soft pad to be placed on a seat. See Box-
cushion. Seat-cushion. Squab-cushion.
Cushion-frame. A wooden frame to which the seat-
springs and upholstery of a car-scat are attached. See
fig. 414.
Cuspador. A vessel to receive discharges of spittle, and
having a wide rim so that if it is upset its contents will
not be spilled. See fig. 388.
Cylinder. A chamber or vessel whose ends are circular,
and with straight parallel sides, as the cylinder of a steam-
engine. The cylinders used in connection with cars and
locomotives are made oi cast-iron, and have pistons fitted
so as to work air-tight in them. See
Air-cylinder. Rever •sing-cylinder.
Brake-cylinder. Steam-cylinder.
Cylinder-body, for Westinghouse Car-brake. A hollow,
cylindrical casting, which is accurately bored out and
fitted with two heads or covers, and a piston and rod bV
which the car-brakes are operated. See 2, figs. 729, 73(L
CTL
52
DAS
Cylinder-body, for Westinghov.se Driving-wheel Brake.
Sarne as above for driving-wheel brake. See 2, fig. 749.
Cylinder-body, for Westinghouse Tender-brake. Same as
above for tender-brake. See 2, figs. 727, 72S.
Cylinder-head. A metal cover for the end of a cylinder.
See
Air-cylinder Head. Front Cylinder-head.
Back Cylinder-head. Steam Cylinder-head.
Bottom Cylinder-head. Top-cylinder Head.
Cylinder-levers, for Westinghouse Automatic Car-brake.
Two levers which are connected together by a rod at-
tached near their centres. One end of the one lever is
attached to the cross-head of the brake-cylinder and the
corresponding end of the other lever is attached to a
bracket on the brake-cylinder bead at the opposite
end of the cylinder. The other ends of the le rers are con-
nected with the floating levers by rods. See 11, fig. 661.
Cylinder-lever Bracket, for Westinghouse Car-brake. A T-
shaped piece of iron bolted to the front cylinder-head,
and to which one of the brake-levers is attached. See 4,
fig. 661 ; 7, fig. 729.
Cylinder - lever Support, Jor Westinghouse-brake. A
wrought-iron bar bolted to one of the centre floor-tim-
bers, and on which the ends of the cylinder-levers rest.
See 19, figs. 660, 661.
Cylinder-lever Tie-rod, of Westinghouse-brake. A rod by
which the two cylinder-levers are connected together.
See 18, fig. 661.
Cylindrical-gauges. Gauges made for measuring the size
of cylinders and cylindrical holes, and which were made
by "Whitworth, of England, and are therefore often called
Whitworth gauges. They consist of steel cylinders and
rings hardened and ground very accurately to standard
sizes. These fit into each other. The first is used for
measuring the size of holes and the last for measuring the
outside of cylindrical objects, and they are called inter-
nal and external cylindrical-gauges. They are generally
used as standards alone, from which other tools and
gauges are made of the proper size. See External Cylin-
drical-gauge. Internal Cylindrical-gauge.
Cylindrical-stove. A stove made of the form of an up-
right cylinder. See fig. 544.
Damper. See Stove-pipe Damper.
Damper-handle. See Stove-pipe Damper-handle.
Dash-guard. A plate or sheet of metal attached to the
platform railing of street-cars to prevent water, mud, or
snow from being thrown upon persons on the platform.
See 111, figs. 750-753.
Dash-guard Straps. Small clamps or iron bands which axe
DEA
53
DIA
riveted to a dash-guard, and by which the latter is fast-
ened to the platform-posts See 112, fig. 750.
Dead-blocks. Two blocks of wood or iron, attached either
to the end-sill or buffer-beam of a freight-car, and in-
tended to resist the concussion of two cars when they
come together after the buffer-springs are compressed.
They are placed somewhat above the draw-bar and one
on each side of it, with a space of about one or two
feet between them, as shown at 32, figs. 55-59, 69-84; fig.
278. The term dead-blocks and buffer-blocks are often con-
fused with each other. Dead-blocks are always used in
pairs, one on each side of the draw-bar, as shown in the
figs, referred to above, while a buffer-block is a single
piece of wood directly over the draw-bar, as shown at
29, figs. 60-65. Dead-blocks have probably been so
named because so many men have been killed by them.
They are also called man-killers.
Dead-block Face-plate. A metal plate bolted to the out-
side or face of a wooden buffer-block, and which forms
a bearing for the buffer-blocks of other cars when they
come in contact with each other. The object of the plate
is to protect the wood from wear.
Dead-lock. A lock in which the bolt is thrown each way
by the key, and not by a spring, in one direction, as is
the case with a spring-lock or night-latch. See fig. 523.
Dead-padlock. A padlock in which neither the bolt nor
hasp has a spring, but the former is thrown each way by-
the key and the hasp must be opened by the hand.
Dead-wood. A Buffer-block, which see.
Deafening-ceiling. Boarding on the under side of the
floor-timbers of a passenger-car to exclude or deaden the=
noise of the car. See 28, figs. 215, 216, 218, 219, 221.
Deafening-floor. See Deafening-ceiling.
Deck-collar, for Spear Heater. A sheet-metal ring or
collar with which the opening in the roof for the smoke
or cold air pipes is lined, and through which these pipes
pass. It is large enough to leave an air space between it and
the pipes, and thus protect the roof from the heat of the
pipe and from danger of taking fire. The collar has a.-
flange or lip on top of the roof to exclude rain frcm leak-
ing through the opening into the car. See 6, figs. 550-553.
Deflector. See Ventilator-deflector.
Derrick-car. A strong platform-car which carries a derrick,
which is used for removing wrecked cars and engines,
erecting bridges, or handling any heavy objects. See
fig. 31.
Detachable Globe-hclder. A globe-holder arranged so
that a lamp-globe can readily be attached to or removed
from the lamp. See 7, fig. 475.
Diagonal Floor-timbers. Floor-timbers which are placed
in an inclined position to the longitudinal floor-timbers=
See 1, fig. 249.
DIA
54
DOG
Diagonal Koof-straps. A band of hoop-iron placed dia-
gonally on the top of the roof -boards of street-cars to
stiffen the roof.
Diamond-truck. A car-truck with iron side-frames
which are diamond-shaped. The journal-boxes are
rigidly bolted to the sides, and have no vertical motion
in the frame. Figs. 95-114 are illustrations of different
kinds of diamond-trucks.
Diamond-truck Side-frame. A diamond-shaped frame,
formed of two or more bars of iron to which the journal-
boxes are bolted, and which is attached to the transoms
or spring-beam of a diamond-truck. The bars of the
side-frame form a trass which bears a part of the weight
of the car-body and rests on the journals of the axles.
Such frames are shown in figs. 95-114 ; also by fig. 133.
Dinsmore Spiral-spring. A spiral-spring invented and
patented by C. Dinsmore in 1862, 1863, and 1871. It is
formed of a bar of steel, whose section resembles the
outline of a figure 8 which is wound flatwise on a man-
drel to form the coil. They are used both singly or in
nests. See figs. 201, 202.
Discharge-pipe, of Air-pump for Westinghouse-brake. A
pipe by which the compressed-air is conveyed from the
air-pump to the main air-reservoir. See 9, 9, fig. 655 ;
48, fig. 664, 665.
Discharge-valve, of Air-pump for Westinghov.se brake. See
Upper Discharge-valve. Lower Discharge-valve.
Discharge Valve-seat, of Air-pump for Westinghouse-
brake. A brass ring which is screwed into the chamber
which receives the upper discharge-valve, and which
forms a bearing- for the latter. See 31, fig. 665; fig. 693.
Discharge-valve Stop-bolt, for Air-pump of Westinghouse-
brake. A bolt which is placed transversely across the
discharge-passage above the lower discharge-valve to
limit or stop its movement. See 26, fig. 665; fig. 688.
Dish. See Soap-dish.
Distance-block. A short, thick piece of wood placed be-
tween two or more objects to keep them apart, or to
preserve an interval of space between them. See Floor-
timber Distance-Block.
Distance-piece. A piece of wood, metal, or other material
placed between two or more objects to keep them apart
or to preserve an interval of space between them. See
Draw-bar Distance-piece.
Division. See Seat-division.
Dog, for Pawl of Winding-shaft. A disc or button
which is pivoted in such a way as to hold tne ratchet-
wheel pawl connected with a winding-shaft in its place,
and arranged so that the pawl can readily be detached
from the ratchet wheel. See 132, fig. 77. See also
Brake-dog.
DOM
55
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Dome. A clear-story is sometimes erroneously called a
Dome. See Tank-dome.
Dome-head. The top of the dome of a tank-car. See 109,
figs. 73-76.
Door. A frame of beards for closing a doorway. See fig.
502. See
Ash-pit Door. Grated-door.
Double-door. Lamp-case Door.
Double Fire-door. Overhung-door.
Dust Hand-hole Door. Platform Trap-door.
Fare-wicket Door. Sliding-door.
Feed-door. Tip-car Door.
Fire-door. Underhung-door.
Grain-door. Ventilator-door.
Door-apron. A sheet-iron cover attached to a swinging
door of a street-car to inclose the step. See 1, fig. 43.
Door-bolt. A metal bar attached to a slide and fastened
to a door so as to hold it shut from the inside. See figs.
514-517. See also
Barrel Door-bolt. Square Door-bolt.
Neck Door-bolt. Square-neck Door-bolt.
Door -bolt Keeper. A catch attached to a door-frame, in
which the bolt engages to hold the door shut. See fig.
516.
Door-brace. A diagonal piece of timber framed in a freight-
car door to stiffen it. See 69, figs. 61, 69.
Door-butt. A Butt-hinge, which see.
Door-button. " A. small piece of wood or metal swiveled
by a screw through the middle, and used as a fastening
for a door or gate." — Knight. See figs. 51S, 519.
Door-button on Plate. A door-button attached by a rivet
or pin to a metal plate which is fastened to a door with
screws. See fig. 519.
Door-case. 1. A frame which incloses or surrounds the
sides and top of a door.
2. A partition at the end of a street-car which incloses
a sliding door when it is open. See Fare-wicket Door-
case.
Door-case Intermediate-rail. A rail of a door-case above
the window of a street-car. See 84, fig. 753.
Door-case Panel. A panel in a partition which incloses a
sliding-door at the end of a street-car. See Door-case
Top-panel. Door-case Seat-panel.
Door-ease Sash. A window-sash in the partition which
incloses a sliding-door of a street-car. This sash opens on
hinges and is placed opposite to another in the end of the
car on the outside of the door. See 86, fig. 752.
Door-case Sash-button. A fastening, consisting usually
of an eccentric metal disc, used for holding the door-
case sash shut. Sometimes the fastening is similar to art
•old-fashioned door-button. See 87, fig. 753 : fig. 768.
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Door-case Seat-panel. A panel in a door-case next to
the seat in the car. Similar to 43, fig. 752.
Door-case Top-panel. A panel in a door-case of a street-
car above the window. In some cases a mirror is used
in place of a panel. See 85, fig. 752.
Door-case Top-rail. An upper rail of a door-case which
extends from one side of the car to the other. See 83, fig.
752.
Door-frame. The structure in which the panels of a door
are fitted. It is composed of the stiles, or upright pieces
atthe sides; the mullions, or central upright pieces; the
bottom-rail ; the lock, or central rails, and the top-rail, —
Knight. See fig. 502. See Fire-door-frame for Spear
Heater.
Door Friction-roller. See Sliding-door Friction-roller.
Door-guards. Strips of wood which inclose the space oc-
cupied by sliding-doors in baggage, express, and freight
cars to keep the baggage or freight from interfering
with the movement of the doors. See 77, figs. 56, 57, 58.
Door Guard-band. A metal band fastened crosswise on
the middle rail of the door of a street-car to protect the
door from being chafed in opening and closing. See 88,
fig. 753.
Door-handle. An attachment to a door to take hold of in
opening or closing it. See 78, figs. 55, 60, 63, 64. See
Sliding-door Handle.
Door Hand-rail. A rail attached to the inside of a
swinging-door of a street-ca* for passengers to take hold
of in getting on and off the car. See 2, fig. 42.
Door-hanger. A hook-shaped piece of metal by whi^h a
sliding-door is suspended at its top and which slides on
an iron track at the top of" the door. For freight-cars
they are usually made of wrought-iron, but sometimes of
cast-iron with friction rollers, or sheaves, on which the
door rolls. They are also used in sleeping and drawing-
room cars, and are then generally made of brass and
plated. See 68, figs. 60, 63, 64, 69, 72.
Door-hasp. A metal clasp attached to car-doors, and by
which they are fastened to a staple or eye-bolt on the
body of the car. They are used chiefly on freight-car
doors when these are secured with padlocks. See 73,
fig. 55.
Door-hinge. A metal joint on which a door turns and by
which it is connected to the jamb of a door, door-frame,
or post. See 16, figs. 502, 509, 513.
Door-holder. A catch or hook to hold a swinging passen-
ger-car door open. It usually consists of two parts, one
of which is attached to the door, and the other to the
floor or other part of the car, so that one piece will hook
into the other and thus hold the door open. See fig. 507.
See also Lamp-case Door-holder. Sliding-door Holder.
Door-holder Catch. A metal bracket attached to the
DOO 57
floor or side of a car, with which a door-holder engages
to hold a door open. Sea fig. 508.
Door-hook. A Sliding-door Holder, which see.
Door-jamb. The side piece or post of a door opening. See
1, fig. 502. Also see Door-post.
Door-knob. A ball attached to the end of a spindle of a
door-latch to take hold of in moving the latch or opening
the door. See 17, fig. 502 ; 5, figs. 524-531.
Door-latch. An attachment to a door to hold it shut. A
door-latch usually consists of a spring-bolt, held in a
suitable metal case, and a spindle and knobs by which
the bolt is disengaged from a keeper attached to the
door-post. See figs. 526-530. A door-latch is often
made in combination with a lock, having a separate bolt
and key to secure or fasten the door from the outside, as in
figs. 522, 524, 529. See Sliding-door Latch. Spring Door-
latch.
Door-latch Bolt. A metal pin or bar attached to a door
or door-latch, and which engages with a keeper to hold
the door shut. See 1, figs. 522-528.
Door-latch Arbor. A Door-latch Spindle, which see.
Door-latch Keeper. A metal plate attached to a door-
post, and into or with which a door-latch engages. See
9, figs. 526, 530. Also see Sliding-door-latcUKeeper.
Door-latch Hook. The part of a sliding-door latch which
DOO
engages with the keeper and holds the door shut. See 2,
figs. 529, 530.
Door-latch Rose or Escutcheon. A plate fastened to a
door, and in which a door-latch spindle works. The es-
cutcheon acts as a guard or bearing for the spindle. See
4, figs. 524, 528, 529, 531.
Door-latch Spindle. A small metal shaft to which a door-
handle or knob and the latch are attached, and by which
the latter is turned by means of the power exerted on the
former by the hand. See 10, figs. 524. 531.
Door-latch Spring. A spring attached to a door-latch, and
which acts on the latch-hook or bolt and causes it to en-
gage with its keeper. The spring is usually made of a
flat piece of cast-steel.
Door-lintel. The horizontal part of a door-frame above
the door. This part is usually made of wood, but in
passenger-cars it is sometimes made of a thin shell of
cast-iron. See 99, figs. 217, 219, .221, 222, 224, 229,
230 ; 18, fig. 502.
Door-lock. An attachment to doors to fasten them, with
a separate piece called a key. A door-latch is usually
combined with a passenger-car door-lock. See 19, fig.
502; figs. 522-530. See Sliding Door-lock. Spring Door-
lock.
Door-lock Bolt. The piece in a lock which is moved or
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" shot'' out by the key, and which fastens that which the
lock is intended to secure. See 7, figs. 523-524, 529.
Door-lock Bolt-spring. A spring which moves and holds
a lock-bolt in place.
Door-lock Keeper. A nietal plate or catch into which the
bolt of a lock protrudes, and which holds the door shut.
See 8, figs. 522-524, 529.
Door-lock Nosing. A Door-lock Keeper, which see.
Door-rmillion. A vertical bar or partition of wood be-
tween the panels of a door. See 146, figs. 218, 222, 223 ;
2, fig. 502 ; 79, fig. 753. See Door-window Muttion,
Door Name-plate. A metal plate placed on the inside of
a passenger-car door with the name of the builder or
manufacturer of the car inscribed on it. See 3, fig.
502.
Door-panel. ' ' A piece of board whose edges are in-
serted into the groove of a thicker surrounding frame of
a door."— Webster. See 151, figs. 218, 222, 223 ; 10 and
11, fig. 502. See
Lower Door-panel. Twin-door Panel.
Middle Door-panel. Upper Door-p>anel.
Door-pin. A pin used in connection with a hasp and an
eye-bolt or staple to fasten a freight-car door shut.
Leaden seals are sometimes attached thereto. See 74,
figs. 55, 60.
Door-pin Chain. A chain by which a door-pin is attached,
to a car. See 75, fig. 55.
Door-plate. See Door Name-plate. Water-closet Door-
plate.
Door-post. A vertical post which forms the side of a door-
way. See 44, figs. 55-84 ; 62, figs. 215-232 ; 1, fig. 502 r
18, figs. 750, 752.
Door-pull. A D-shaped handle attached to a door to take
hold of in opening or closing it. See figs. 520, 521.
Door-raiL A borizontal member or bar of the framing of
a door. The upper one, 4, fig 502, is called the top-rail ;
the lower one, 5, the bottom-rail ; 6, the middle or
lock-rail ; 7, the ■ parting-rail. See fig. 502. '
Door-roller. A Door-sheave, which see.
Door-sash. A wooden frame, containing one or more
panes of glass, placed in a door. In some cases one of
these sashes is made to slide, so that it can be opened for
ventilation. See 12 and 13, fig. 502. See
Lower Door-sash. Ventilating Door-sash.
Upper Door-sash. Ventilator-sash.
Door-sash Bolt. A metal pin attached to a sliding-door
sash to hold it any desired position. See 14, £g. 502; fig.
505.
Door-sash Plate,, A metal plate attached to a door-sash
with suitable holes in it in which a door-sash bolt en-
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gages to hold the sash in any desired position. See 15,
figs. 502, and fig. 504.
Door-shaft. An iron shaft, which extends from, the front
to the rear platform of a street-car, for the purpose of en-
abling the driver to open the rear-door from the front
platform.
Doer-shaft Crank. An arm on the back end of a door-
shaft which is connected with the back-door and forms a
part of the mechanism by which the door of a street-car
is opened by the driver.
Door-shaft Crank-plate. A slotted plate attached to a
sliding-door of a street-car, to which a crank is connected
for moving the door.
Door-shaft Lever. An arm on the front end of a door-
shaft of a street-car, by which the driver operates a shaft
which opens the back-door.
Door-sheave. A roller or wheel on which a sliding-door
rolls. Such sheaves are sometimes placed at the bottom
and sometimes at tne top of the door. See 2, figs. 397-
399. See Sliding-door Sheave.
Door-sheave Holder. A frame or plate which holds the
sheave or roller in its place, and by which it is attached
to a door or other object. See 1, figs. 397-399.
Door-shoe. A casting on the bottom of a sliding-door
which slides on the door-track. See 70, fig. 55.
Door-sill. A cross-piece attached to the floor on the under
side of a door-opening. In car construction the term is
usually applied to an iron plate used under passenger-car
doors. See 64, figs. 61, 62 ; 93, figs. 750, 752.
Door-slide. A Door-shoe, which see.
Door-stile. One of the two upright pieces on the outer
edgesof a door-frame. See 150, figs. 218, 222, 223, 230 ;
8, fig. 502 ; 78, fig. 753.
Door-stop. A peg or block against which a door strikes
when opened. The stop is often provided with a rubber
cushion, especially for swinging-doors. See fig. 506. See
Closed-door Stop. Open-door Stop.
Door-strap. A leather strap or cord by which the back-
door of a street-car is opened and shut by the driver in
front.
Door-strap Sheave. A grooved wheel or pulley which is
hung in a frame and forms a guide or carrier for a door-
strap of a street-car.
Door-track. A metal bar or guide which supports a slid-
ing-door, and on which it moves, or by which it is held
in its rlace. See Top Door-track. Bottom Door-track.
Door-track Bracket. An iron or wooden block or support
which is fastened to the side of a freight-car, and to
which a door-track is attached or which holds a sliding-
door in its place. See 67, figs. 55, 59, 60, 63, 64, 69, 72.
Door-way. The passage or opening which is closed by a
door.
DOO
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DOTJ
Door-window Mullion. A middle upright bar in the sash
or frame of a door-window. See SO, fig. 753.
Dope. A term used to designate any mixed grease which
is not fluid and is used for lubricating.
Double-board Roof. A roof made of two layers of boards,
each of which extends from the comb of the roof to the
eaves ; the one layer being laid so as to b-eak or cover
the joints of that underneath. See fig. 68.
Double Brace-pocket. A casting which forms a socket for
holding two braces or two braces and a post. See 41,
figs. 69, 71.
Double Check-valve, for Westinghouse-brake. A valve
attached to the pipes underneath a car which is equipped
with both the old and the automatic brake, so that either
can be used. See fig. 735.
Double-coil Nest-spring. A spiral-spring with another
smaller coil inside of-it. See figs. 190, 213.
Double-cone Lamp-globe. A glass or porcelain lamp-
globe, conical in form at the top and bottom, as shown in
the engraving. See fig. 491.
Double-deck Cattle-car. A cattle-car with two floors, or
stories, one above the other, for carrying small cattle —
that is sheep, hogs, etc. See fig. 69.
Double-deck Street-car. A street-car with seats on top of
the roof. See fig. 38.
Double-door. A door made in two parts. These are some-
times fastened together by hinges, so as to fold back on
each other, and sometimes each part is hinged to one of
the door-posts. Such doors are used for mail, baggage,
and postal cars. Sliding-doors are also sometimes made
in two parts.
Double Fire-door, for Spear Heater. Two doors attached,
to the same frame to close the opening for the fire-door.
The inside door is usually perforated to admit air and is
intended to close the opening, so that in case of accident
the fire would not fall out of the stove. See fig. 579.
Double Iron-body-bolster. A body-bolster conrposed of
two iron trusses placed parallel to each other, and con-
nected by iron plates or bars. See figs. 237, 238.
Double-lens Tail or Signal-lamp. A lamp, with two
lenses on opposite sides, to be attached to the last car of
a train so that the light through the one lens can be-
sesn by the following trains, and that through the other
by the locomotive runner of the train to which the lamp.
is attached. See fig. 496. In some lamps of this kind
glass of different colors can be placed behind the lenses,
so as to change the color of the light.
Double-lever Brake. A brake which has two levers to a
truck or a four-wheeled car, as shown in fig. 638. The
object of using two levers is to equalize the pressure on
the two brake-beams. In some cases such brakes are ap-
DOTJ
61
DBA
plied to but one of the trucks of a car, in other cases to
both. See fig. 638.
Double Pipe-strap and Back. An iron band made with
two bends for holding two pipes (as heater pipes) in their
place. See fig. 615. See also Single Pipe-st rap.
Double-plate Wheel. A cast-iron car-wheel, the rim and
hub of which are united by two cast-iron plates or discs.
See figs. 163, 164.
Double Release-spring, for Westinghouse Car-brake. A
release-spring which consists of two coiled springs, one
within the other.
Double-washer. A cast-iron washer made to take two
rods or bolts. Also called a twin-washer. See fig. 789.
Double Window-blind. A window-blind made in two
parts. It is made in this way so that, when raised up, it
will occupy less room than if made in one piece. See
140, figs. 215, 219, 222 ; 17, 18, fig. 301.
Double Window-blind Lift. A metal finger-hold at-
tached to the inner part of a blind, and which has a pro-
jection for raising the outer part. See fig. 325.
Double Window-sash Spring. A metal plate fastened at
the centre to the edge of the stile of a window-blind to
prevent it from rattling. See fig. 302.
Draft-spring. A Draw-spring, which see.
Drain-ccek of Engine, for Westinghouse-brake. A faucet
attached to the lower end of the steam-cylinder for draw-
ing off water which collects there. See 44, fig. 665 ; fig.
740. See also Reservoir Drain-cock.
Drain-cock of Triple-valve, for Westinghouse-brake. A
faucet attached to the lower end of the drain-cup for
drawing off the water which collects in the latter. See
18, fig. 703.
Drain-cup, for Westinghouse Car-brake. A globular recep-
tacle or vessel attached underneath a triple-valve to col-
lect water which may accumulate in the latter. See 10,
fig. 663; 3, fig. 703.
Draw-bar. An open-mouthed bar at the end of a car to
which the coupling-links are attached and from which
the car is drawn. The draw- bars are usually provided
with springs, to give elasticity to the connection between
the cars, and arranged so as to resist both the tension and
compression to which the draw-bar is subjected. See 23,
figs. 55-84 ; 29, figs. 215-231 ; 1, figs. 251-263 ; figs. 266-
270. See
Bolt Draw-bar. Potter Draw-bar.
Centre-draft Draw-bar. Safford Draw-bar.
Height of Draw-bar. Spi'ing-pocket Draw-bar.
Open-mouth Draw-bar. Three-link Draiv-bar.
Draw-bar Bolt. A bolt which connects a draw-bar to a
draw-spring and follower-plates. See 7, figs. 252, 253,
255, 257, 266 ; 4, fig. 267.
Draw-bar Carry-iron. A transverse iron bar bolted to the
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under side of the draw-timbers, and on which the draw-
bar rests. It is often made of a U shape, and the ends
are bolted to the end-sills. See 9, figs. 251-263.
Draw-bar Chafing-plate, for Miller-coupler. An iron plate
framed into the platform-truss-beam above the draw-bar
coupling-hook to protect it from abrasion by the latter.
See figs. 48, 284.
Draw-bar Coupling-hook. A draw-bar made in the form
of a hook for coupling cars together. This is the form of
the Miller-coupler. See 11, figs. 282-285 : figs. 2S8, 289.
Draw-bar Cross-timber, for Coal-car. A transverse tim-
ber framed into the centre floor-timbers of a coal-car,
and to which the ends of the draw-timbers are attached.
Such timbers are used on four-wheeled cars which have
no body-bolsters. See 138, figs. 77, 78.
Draw-bar Distance-piece. A block or bar of iron or wood
between the upper and lower plates of a wrought-iro:
draw-bar to stiffen it. In many cases, it serves as ;
thimble for the rivets which pass through the plates.
See 4, fig 257'; 2, figs. 268, 270.
Draw-bar Face-plate. A wrought-iron plate attached to
the outer end of a draw-bar, and which bears against a
similar plate on the car next to it. When such a plate is
made in one piece with the draw-bar, it is called a draw-
bar head. See 2, figs. 257, 259 ; 3, fig. 268.
Draw-bar Follower-plate. An iron plate which bears
against the end of a draw-spring. One plate of this kind
bears against each end of the draw-springs. The tensio:i
and compression on the draw-bar is transmitted by tha
follower-plates to the draw-springs. See 14, figs. 251-
264. See Auxiliary Draw-bar Follower-plate.
Draw-bar Friction-plate. A cast-iron plate attached to
the platform end-timber of street-cars, and through
which the draw-bar passes. The plate protects the tim-
ber and dash-guard from the abrasion and wear of the
draw-bar.
Draw-bar Guides. "Wrought-iron bars which are fastened
in pairs to lugs or stops bolted to the draw-timbers on
each side of a draw-bar, forming guides in which
the draw-bar follower-plates move. See 13, figs-
251-264.
Draw-bar Head. The outer end of a solid draw-bar,,
which bears against a similar head on the adjoining car.
When it is made in a separate piece from the draw-bar,
it is called a draw-bar face-plaie. See 3, figs. 251-263,.
266, 270.
Draw-bar Jaw. An iron strap which forms a guide, and
also a stop, for the draw-bar followers or draw-spring;
plates. See 18, figs. 251, 252, 255.
Draw-bar Pocket. A Draw-spring Pocket, which see.
Draw-bar Sector. A support which is fastened underneatli
the platform of a car for carrying a centre-draft draw-
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bar. It consists of an iron bar shaped like an arc of a
circle. See 33, figs. 231, 232.
Draw-bar Side-Casting. An iron casting of which a pair
form guides for the draw-bar followers and hold them
in their places. See fig. 265.
Draw-bar Spring-pocket. The space at the back end of a
draw-bar which receives the draw-spring and follower-
plates. See 1, figs. 268, 270.
Draw-bar Stem. A Draic-bar Bolt, which see.
Draw-bar Stirrup. A Draw-bar Carry-iron, which see.
Draw-bar Stop. A casting which limits the movement of
the draw-bar followers. These castings are bolted to the
draw-bar timbers and form distance-pieces to which the
draw-bar guides are bolted. See 17, figs. 257-259, 261,
263.
Draw-bar Yoke. A Draw-bar Carry-iron, which see.
Draw-clevis. A wrought-iron bar with a forked end at-
tached to the platform of a street-car and to which the
horses are attached and by which the car is drawn. Two
kinds of these are used, the one fastened to the platform
so as to be immovable, whereas the other can slide
lengthwise and its motion is resisted by a spring. The
latter is called a Spring Draw-clevis, which see. Similar
to a Draic-hook, which see.
Drawer-pull. A wooden or metal attachment to a drawer
to take hold of in pulling it out. See fig. 431.
Draw-gear. A term used to designate the draw-bars,
draw-timbers, buffing apparatus, and all their attach-
ments— in short, the whole of the arrangements by which
a car is drawn and which resists concussions. See figs.
251-292.
Draw-gsar Tie-rod. A rod which connects an end-sill or
platform end-timber with a body-bolster or draw-bar
cross-timber to tie them together. See 139, figs. 61-64,
74, 78.
Draw-head. A Draw-bar Head, which see. A draw-bar
is sometimes called a draw-head.
Draw-hook. An iron hook attached to the end of a car,
from which it is drawn and by which it is coupled to
other cars. They are used chiefly on coal-cars and street-
cars. See fig. 271 ; 103, figs. 750, 751, 753. See also
Draw-bar Coupling-hook.
Draw-hook and Link. A coupling-hook combined with
several links, one of which is welded in a hole in the
hook. They are used chiefly on coal-cars. See fig.
271.
Drawing-room Car. A passenger-car fitted up and fur-
nished in a more luxurious manner than ordinary cars.
Drawing-room cars are generally intended for day travel
and are furnished with arm-chairs, sofas, carpets, etc.,
and an extra charge is usually made to passengers who
travel in them. See fig. 2.
DBA
64
DM
Draw-off Cock, for Baker Heater. A cock attached to the
pipe A, fig. 581, for drawing off the water or emptying
the pipes of a Baker heater. See fig. 619.
Draw-rod. A rod which unites two draw-bars, or the
draw-gear at the opposite ends of a car, and which bears
the strain or pull required to draw the train. See 4,
figs. 280, 281.
Draw-spring. A spring attached to a draw-bar to give
the latter an elastic connection with the car. Such
springs are usually so arranged as to resist either tension
or compression on the draw-bar. See 24, figs. 61-77,
78-82 ; 30, figs. 215, 219, 229, 232 ; 5, figs. 251-253, 257,
261. See Auxiliary Buffer-spring.
Draw-spring- Pocket. A Draw-bar Spring-pocket, which
see.
Draw-spring Stop. A metal sleeve or thimble in the cen-
tre of a spiral or volute draw-spring to resist the press-
ure to which the spring is subjected after the latter has
been compressed a given distance. See 8, fig. 257.
Draw-timbers. A pair of timbers attached below the
frame at the end of a car, and which usually extends from
the platform end-timber of passenger-cars, or the end-sill
of freight-cars, to the bolster. The draw-bar attach-
ments are bolted to the draw-timbers. In passenger-cars
these timbers are usually the principal supports of the
platform. On street-cars only one draw-timber is ordi-
narily used, which is placed in the centre of the car, and
to which the draw-bar is attached. See 26, figs. 55-84,
31, figs. 215-232 ; 10, figs. 251-264 ; 100, figs. 750, 751,
752.
Draw-timber Guards. Cast-iron lugs or wrought-iron
straps or plates bolted to the sides of draw-timbers
near their outer ends. They resist the lateral strains on
the draw-bar, and protect the draw-timbers from abra-
sion. The carry-iron, which supports the outer end of
a draw-bar, is sometimes bolted to the draw-timber
guards. See 11, figs. 252, 254, 258, 259, 260.
Draw-timber Pocket. A casting which is attached to the
body-bolster or centre-sills of a car and which receives
and holds the end of a draw-timber. See 18, figs. 257-
259.
Draw-timber Tie-bar. A transverse iron bar attached to
the under sides of a pair of draw-timbers to tie them
together. See 12, figs. 251-255, 257-259.
Drilling. A term used in New Jersey to designate the
act of moving cars from one track to another — as in
making up or separating trains, and placing the cars on
the tracks in the places where they are needed. See
Switching. Shunting. Regulating.
Drinking-cup. A metal cup used for drinking water — or
other liquids. *
Drip. A receptacle to collect the waste or superfluous
DRI
65
DRU
liquid, as of a water-cooler. See Urinal-drip. Water-
drip.
Driving-wheel Brake, or Driver-brake. A brake ap-
plied to the driving-wheels of a locomotive. See figs.
747-749.
Drop, of Lamp. " The drop of a centre lamp is its extreme
length," measured from the ceiling to the lowest part of
the lamp. See 9, 9, fig. 470.
Drop-bottom. A door arranged at the bottom of a car for
unloading it quickly by allowing the load or contents of
the car to fall through the door-opening. See 123, figs.
77-79.
Drop-bottom Car. A car so constructed that its contents
can be readily unloaded from the bottom by means of
drop-doors. See figs. 24, 25, 26, 27, 77.
Drop-bottom Chain. A chain which is wound on a shaft,
and which holds up the drop-bottom of a coal-car. See
124, figs. 77, 79.
Drop-bottom Hinge. A hinge which connects the drop-
door or drop-bottom with the body of a coal-car. See
125, fig. 77.
Drop-door. See Drop-bottom.
Drop-door Beam, for Coal-car. Apiece of timber which
extends transversely across the top of a coal-car, and
which acts as a support for the winding-shaft and a tie
for the sides of the car-body. See 126, figs. 77, 79.
Drop-letter-box Plate. A metal plate for a letter-box,
with a suitable opening in which letters are deposited,
and a door or valve by which the opening is closed. See
fig. 435.
Drum. 1. " A cylinder over which a belt or band passes.
2. "The barrel of a crane, windlass, winch, or capstan
on which the rope or chain winds.
3. "A chamber of a cylindrical form used in heat
ers, stoves, and flues. It is hollow and thin, and generally
forms a mere casing, but in some cases, as steam-drums,
is adapted to stand considerable pressure." — Knight. See
Brake-shaft Drum. Circulating Drum.
Drum, for Creamer-brake. A cast-iron case, with a
ratchet attached, and which holds the involute spring
used to apply a Creamer-brake. The spring is wound up
in the drum, and is then held by a pawl acting on the
ratchet on the drum. See 1, fig. 646.
Drum-cover, for Baker Car-heater. A sheet-iron cover-
ing for the circulating drum on the outside of the car.
See fig. 608.
Drum-cover, for Creamer-brake. A circular cast-iron lid
for the drum with a ratchet on top, with which the
jointed top-pawl engages. See 12, figs. 646, 647.
Drum-support, for Baker Car-heater. A bracket at-
tached to the roof of a car to hold the circulating drum
of a Baker-heater. See fig. 603.
DTJA
66
EAV
Dual-burner. A coal-oil lamp-burner with two wicks, by
which a larger supply of oil can be fed to the flame than
is possible with one wick only. See fig. 478.
Dump-car. A term used to designate both Drop-bottom
and Tip Cars, which see.
Dust-collar. A grooved wTOught-iron ring placed on a car-
axle between the hub of the wheel and the journal to re-
ceive and hold a dust-guard. See 16, fig. 151.
Duster. See Feather-duster.
Dust-guard. A thin piece of wood, leather, or other ma-
terial inserted in a chamber at the back of a journal-box,
and made to fit closely around the axle. Its use is to ex-
clude dust and dirt from the back of the box and pre-
vent the escape of oil and waste from it. Sometimes
called axle-packing or box-packing. See 15, figs. 138,
145, 146, 151.
Dust-guard Bearing. That portion of a car-axle between
the journal and the wheel-seat on which the dust-guard
bears. See 4, fig. 143.
Dust-guard Chamber. The space in the back side of a
journal-box occupied by the dust-guard. See 15, figs.
138, 145, 146, 151.
Dust Hand-hole. An opening in a door-casing, under
the seat of a street-car, to give access to the space ir~Q
which the door slides for the purpose of removing dirt
wnrcu accumulates there.
Dust Hand-hole Door. A gate or covering for a dust
hand-hole.
E
Eames Vacuum Brake. A system of continuous brakes,
invented and patented by Mr. Fred. W. Eames, which is
opei-ated by exhausting the air from behind flexible in-
dia-rubber diaphragms attached to the trucks of each car.
These diaphragms are connected to the brake-levers and
the pressure of the air on the outside of the diaphragms
is communicated to the levers, and from them to the
brake-shoes. The rubber diaphragms cover the mouth of
a large cast-iron shell or bowl, from which the air is ex-
hausted by an ejector on the engine, which is connected
with the shells by pipes and flexible hose between the
cars. See figs. 653, 654.
Eaves Fascia-board. A projecting board on the outside
of a passenger-car body, immediately under the eaves,
and which forms an ornament or moulding in connec-
tion with the eaves-moulding. See 91, figs. 55, 60, 63 ;
92, figs. 219, 225, 226.
Eaves-moulding. A moulding attached to the outside of
a car-body at the point where the roof joins the side of
the car. See 90, figs. 55, 59; 93, figs. 215, 218, 219, 222,225.
226 ; 48, figs. 750, 752, 753. See Clear-story Eaves-mould-
ing.
ECC
67
EIG
Eccentric-lever, complete, for Westinghouse Driving-wheel
Brake. An arm consisting of a casting and screw or
stud, one end of "which is attached to a brake-head and
the ether connected with the piston-rod. The end or
head of the casting is made of a cam-shaped or eccentric
form and bears against another lever of the same kind,
so that, when the two are raised upward, the brake -
shoes are forced against the driving-wheels. The stud or
screw is intended to either lengthen or shorten the lever
so as to adjust the pressure of the brake-shoes against
the wheels when the shoes become worn. See 13, fig.
747.
Eccentric-lever Casting, for Westinghouse Driving-wheel
Brake. A casting which forms part of an eccentric-lever,
and which has a cam-shaped or eccentric head, which
bears against another corresponding casting opposite to
it, both of which are connected to the brake piston-rod,
so that, when the two are raised upward by the piston,
the brake-shoes are forced against the driving-wheels.
See 15, fig. 747.
Eccentric Lever-links, for Westinghouse Driving-wheel
Brake. Short iron bars by which an eccentric-lever
is connected with a piston cross-head. See 28, fig.
747.
Eccentric-lever Nut, for Westinghouse Driving-wheel
Brake. A lock-nut which screws on an eccentric-lever
stud, and which is intended to hold the latter and pre-
vent it from unscrewing. See 18, fig. 747.
Eccentric-lever Stud, for Westinghouse Driving-wheel
Brake. A bolt with an eye at one end, which is attached
to a brake-block, and a screw at the other, which is fast-
ened to a casting, the two forming an eccentric-lever.
See 19, fig. 749.
Eccentric Window-button. A metal fastening for hold-
ing a hinged window or door shut. It consists of a
round disc which is fastened by a screw which is not in
the centre of the disc, but is eccentric to it. See fig. 768.
Edge-rolled Spiral-spring. A spiral-spring formed by
rolling a flat bar of metal edgewise on a mandrel. See
fig. 200.
Egg-shaped Lamp-globe. A lamp-globe resembling some-
what an egg in form. See fig. 480.
Egg-shaped Stove. A stove resembling an egg in form,
for burning coal and for warming a car or other apart-
ment. See fig. 543.
Eight-wheeled Box-car. A box-car having two trucks
and eight wheels. See fig. 12.
Eight-wheeled Gondola-car. A gondola-car mounted on
two trucks and eight wheels. See fig. 19.
Eight-wheeled Hopper-bottom Coal-car. A car with
eight wheels and a bottom shaped somewhat like a mill-
hopper, with a drop-door underneath for unloading or
EJE
68
END
dumping the coal with which the car is loaded. See fig.
25 ; also Coal Dump-car.
Ejector. An appliance for operating a vacuum-brake by
exhausting or "ejecting" air. It consists of a pipe, 1,
fig. 652, placed in the centre of a surrounding shell or
casing, 2, with an annular opening, 3, between the pipe
and the casing. When a current of steam is admitted at
the lower end of 1, and escapes at the upper end, the
air in the casing at 4 is drawn out through the annu-
lar opening by the current of the escaping steam. The
space, 4, is connected by a pipe, 5, with the appliances
on the cars for operating the brakes. Suitable valves are
also used in connection with the ejector to shut off and
admit steam and air. See figs. 651, 653.
Elastic-wheel. A car-wheel in which some elastic material
is interposed between the the and the wheel-centre or
hub to resist the concussions. Different substances are
used, such as paper, wood, india-rubber, oakum, etc. See
figs. 168, 160.
Elbow. A short (.-shaped cast-iron tube for uniting the
ends of two pipes, generally at right angles to each other.
The pipes are screwed into the casting. See fig. 620.
Elder-brake. A brake for eight-wheeled cars, with a
horizontal lever having a fixed fulcrum under the car-
body, at its centre, and pulleys at each end, over which
a chain passes, which is connected with the brake-levers
of each truck. One lever on each truck also has a pulley
or sheave at its end, over which a chain runs which is
connected with the opposite lever, and also 'with the cen-
tral lever. The latter is connected by rods and chains
with brake-windlasses by which the brakes are applied
at each end of the car. See fig. 645.
Elliptic-spring. A spring of elliptical form made of two
sets of steel plates. Such springs are generally used for
bolster-springs for passenger-cars. See figs. 185, 186. See
Combination Elliptic-spring.
Enclosed Step. A step of a street-car which is covered or
enclosed by a sheet-iron apron attached to a swinging
door to prevent persons from riding on the step. See 3,.
fig. 42.
End. See Seat-end.
End Body-brace. An inclined brace, or stick of timber, on
the end-frame of a car-body, which acts as a brace. See
35, figs. 58, 64, ?4.
End-body Brace-rod. An inclined iron rod in the end-frame-
of a car-body which acts as a brace.
End-carline. A carline at the end of a car-body. See
54, figs. 750, 752. See also End-plate. Platform Boof-
end Carline.
End-frame, of a Car-body. The frame which forms the end
of a car-body. It includes the posts, braces, end-rail, .
end-girth, etc.
END
69
ENG
End-girth. A girth, in the end of a box-car. See 50, figs.
55-72.
End-girth Tie-rod. A tie-rod extending across the end of
a freight-car-body along the end-girth, and from one
corner-post to the other, and intended to tie them to-
gether. See 51, figs. 56, 58, 61, 64.
End-hook. See Bell-cord End-hook.
End-panel. A panel at the end and on the outside of a
passenger or street car. See 70, figs. 217, 223. See Lower
End-panel. Upper End-panel.
End-piece, of Truck-frame. A transverse timber or bar of
iron by which the ends of the two wheel-pieces of a
truck-frame are connected together. See 17, figs. 83-94 :
115-125. See Crooked End-piece. Inside End-piece.
Outside End-piece.
End-plate. A timber across the end and top of a car-body
and which is fastened to the two side-plates. This piece
is usually made of the proper form so as to serve the
purpose of an end-carhne. See 48, figs. 55-72.
End-play. The movement, or space left for movement,
of a part of machinery endwise, as of a shaft or axle.
See Lateral-play. Lateral-motion.
End-rafter. This term is erroneously applied to the End-
carlines, which see.
End Roof-lights. Small triangular -shaped glasses placed
on each side of the end-ventilators of street-cars. See
62, fig. 753.
End Scat-panel. A panel at the end of a street-car on the
inside and at the end of a longitudinal or side seat. See
43, fig. 752.
End-sill. The main outside transverse-timber of a car-
body into which all the floor-timbers of box and pas-
senger cars are framed. See 2, figs. 55-84, 215-232 ; 9,
figs. 750-751.
End-step, of Street-car. A ledge, consisting usually of a
wooden tread, supported on wrought-iron brackets, placed
at the end and opposite, or under, the door of a street car-
body, and used by persons in getting on or off the car.
See 1, fig. 41.
End-tirnber. See Platform End-timber.
End-ventilator. An aperture for the admission or escape
of air at the end of a car, and usually placed over the
windows. See also Clear-story End-ventilator. See 142.
fig. 218.
End Window-paneL A panel at the end and on the out-
side of a passenger-car alongside of the window. See
71, fig. 217.
Engine and Air-pump complete, for Westinghouse-brake.
A machine attached to a locomotive for compressing the
air used to operate the brakes. It consists of a steam
and an air cylinder, the pistons in which are connected
EQ.U
70
EXP
to the saine piston-rod, so that the air-piston is worked
directly by the steam-piston. Suitable valves are pro-
vided for admitting and exhausting the steam and air to
and from the cylinders. See figs. 664, 635.
Equal-bar Nest-spring-. A nest-spring of any number of
coils, each bar of which is of such a size that the resist-
ance of the coil is proportioned to its diameter. See fig.
198.
Equalizer. An Equalizing-bar, which see.
Equalizing-bar. A wrought iron bar which rests or bears
on top of the journal-boxes, and extends from one to the
other on the same side of a truck. The springs rest on
the equalizing-bar between the two boxes. This bar is
used to transfer part of the weight on one wheel to the
other, and thus equalize it on both; hence its name. See
71, figs. 115-129. Equalizing-bars are sometimes used to
connect the ends of semi-elliptic springs, as shown in
figs. 82, 127.
Equalizing-bar Pedestal. A casting which holds the cen-
tre of an equalizing-lever in its position. These are used
on the Pennsylvania Railroad conductor's-cars. See 164,
fig. 82.
Equalizing'-bar Seat. The surface on top of a journal-box
on which an equalizing-bar rests. See 17, figs. 13S,
139.
Equalizing'-bar Spring. A spring which rests on an equal-
izing-bar and carries the weight of a car. Rubber, spiral,
group-spiral, or volute springs are generally used for this
purpose. See 79, figs. 115-129.
Equalizing-bar Spring-cap. A casting on top of an equal-
izing-bar and which bears against the under side of a
wheel-piece or truck-frame, and holds the equalizing-bar
spring in its place. See 72, figs. 115-129.
Equalizing-bar Spring-seat. A casting which is attached
to the top of an equalizing-bar and on which its spring
rests. See 73, figs. 115-129.
Equalizing Brake-lever. A Floating-lever, which see.
Equalizing-lever. An Equalizing-bar, which see. A float-
ing-lever is also called an equalizing-lever.
Escutcheon. A plate or guard for a key -hole of a lock.
Similar plates for the holes through which the spindles
to which the knobs or handles of a lock are attached are
also called escutcheons. See figs. 531, 535. See Seat-
lock Escutcheon. Door-latch Escutcheon.
Excursion Street-cav. A Summer Street-car, figs. 39, 40,
wliich see. Also see Suburban Excursion-car.
Exhaust-pipe of Engine, for Wcstinghousc-brake. A pipe
through wliich the exhaust steam is conveyed from the
steam-cylinder of the engine and air-pump to the chim-
ney. See 7, 7, fig. 655 ; 46, figs. 604, 6G5.
Expander. See Brake-hose-coupling Packing-expander.
Packing Expander. Piston-packing Expander.
EXP
71
FAR
Express-car. A car for carrying light packages of freight
for express companies. Such cars are usually run with
passenger trains. See fig. 6. Also see Combined Bag-
gage and Express or Mail Car, fig. 7. Combined Passen-
ger and Mail, Baggage, or Express Car, fig. 8.
Express Hand-car. A hand-car with large wheels to run
at a high speed, and used for carrying light packages, as
newspapers or for similar service. See fig. 46.
Extension. See Roof Running-board Extension.
External Cylinder-gauge. A steel ring with a cylindrical
hole which is very accurately made of a precise size, and
used as a standard of measurement for the diameters of
solid cylindrical objects.
External Screw-gauge. A steel ring with a screw-thread
in the inside which is very accurately made of a precise
size for measuring the diameters of male screws. See
fig. 797.
Eye. " A small hole or aperture." — Webster. See
Body Check-chain Eye. Lamp-case Eye.
Berth-brace Eye. Parallel Brake-hanger
Bull's-eye. Eye.
Check-chain Eye. Switching-eye.
Coupling-pin-chain Eye. Truck Check-chain Eye.
Eye-bolt. ' ' A bolt having an eye or loop at one end for
the reception of a ring, hook, or rope, as may be re-
quired."— Knight. See Cg. 784. See
Brake-beam Eye-bolt. Lock Eye-bolt.
Brake Safety-chain Eye- Lock-chain Eye-bolt,
bolt.
Eye-head Coupling-pin. A coupling-pin with a hole or eye
in its head. See fig. 275. See also Solid-head Coupling-
pin.
Face. See Register-face.
Face of Him, of Car-wheel. The horizontal surface of the
outside of the rim. See 24, fig. 138.
Face-plate. A metal plate by which any object is covered,
so as to protect it from wear or abrasion. A. journal-box
cover is sometimes called a face-plate. See
Berth-latch Face-plate. Dead-block Face-plate.
Buffer-block Face-plate. Draw-bar Face-plate.
Facing. " A covering in front, for ornament." — Webster.
See Clear-story Sill-facing.
Fancy-braided Ball-cord. See Bell-cord.
Fare-box Street-car. A street-car in which the fare is col-
lected in a box provided for the purpose, and under the
observation of the driver. Such cars usually have an in-
closed platform in front, so that access to the car can
be had only from the rear. They are turned around at
the end of each trip and are run without conductors.
See fig. 37.
FAR
72
FEN
Fare-wicket. An opening in the main door of a street-car,
through which the conductor collects fares from passen-
gers on the platform without opening the main door.
See 89, fig. 753.
Fare-wicket Door. A cover or gate for a fare- wicket. See
89, fig. 753.
Fare-wicket Door-case. A frame which incloses a fare-
wicket and in which it slides. Such frames are made of
either metal or wood. See 90, fig. 753.
Fascia-board. See Eaves Fascia-board. Inside-cornice
Fascia-board. Inside-cornice Sub-fascia-board.
Fast Berth-hinge, A berth-hinge, the two parts of which
are fastened together and are not detachable. See Berth-
hinge. Loose Berth-hinge. See fig. 351.
Fast Coupling-link. A coupling-link fastened to a draw-
bar, so that it cannot be removed or lost. See 2, figs.
267, 269.
Fast Coupling-pin. A coupling-pin fastened to a draw-bar
so that it can be used for coupling and uncoupling, but
cannot be removed from the bar. See 3, fig". 267.
Fastener. That which fastens or holds any object, as a
window, or a rope. See
Berth Safety-rope Fast- Hat-cord End-fastener,
ener. Sash-fastener.
Windoiv-fastener.
Fast-joint Butt-hinge. A butt-hinge, the two parts of
which are so fastened together that they cannot be de-
tached. See fig. 509. See Loose-joint Butt-hinge.
Loose-pin Butt-hinge.
Fast Lamp-globe. A lamp-globe which is fastened to a
lamp so that it cannot be detached.
Faucet. "A form of valve or cock in which a spigot or
plug is made to open or close an aperture in a portion
which forms a spout or pipe for the discharge or passage
of a fluid."— Knight. See 3, fig. 426; figs. 427-429.
See
Alcove-faucet. Telegraph-faucet.
Lever-faucet. Vertical Telegraph-faucet.
Faucet-alcove. A Water-alcove, which see.
Feather-duster. A brush made of feathers used for dust-
ing the inside of passenger cars. See fig. 449.
Feed-door, for Baker Heater. A door for closing the
aperture in which the supply of fuel is fed to the fire.
See fig. 594.
Feed-door Handle, for Baker Heater. A handle for open-
ing and closing the feed-door. See fig. 595.
Female Centre-plate. The body and truck centre-plates
are sometimes called male and female plates. See Body
Centre-plate. Truck Centre-plate.
Female-gauge. An External-gauge, which see.
Fender. See Door-fender.
Fender-board. A board placed at the ends of passenger-
FEN
73
FLA
car steps to prevent mud and dirt from being thrown on
the steps by the wheels.
Fender-guard. An iron band attached to the outer edge
of a fender-rail, extending around each corner of a
street-car to the door-posts. See 22, figs. 750-753.
Fender-raiL A longitudinal wooden rail on the outside of
a street-car body between the belt-rail and the sill, and
to which a fender-guard is attached to protect the panels
from contact with the wheels of other vehicles. See 21,
figs. 750-753.
Ferry Push-car. A platform-car which is made very long
and used for pushing or pulling other cars on or off a
ferry-boat when the latter must be approached by an in-
cline which is too steep for locomotives. The ferry-cars
are used to connect those cars which are to be taken on
or off the boat with the locomotive, so that the latter
can push or pull the cars on the boat without running on
the incline. See fig. 32.
Filling-funnel, for Baker Car-heater. A funnel attached
to the combination-cock^of a Baker heater for filling the
circulating drum with water. See 28, fig. 581; fig.
607.
Fire-door, for Spear Heater. The door through which the
fuel is put into the stove. See 17, figs. 550-553 ; figs.
567, 579. See Double Fire-door.
Fire-door-frame, for Spear Heater. A rectangular cast-iron
plate which is attached to the casing of the heater and
incloses or surrounds the doors, and to which the latter
is attached. See 18, figs. 550-553 ; fig. 566.
Fire-pot. A cast-iron vessel or receptacle which holds the
fuel or fire in a stove. See 12, 12, fig. 554 ; fig. 564; 4,
fig. 581 ; fig. 585.
Fire-proof Bottom, for Spear Heater. A plate with circu-
lar corrugations, which is placed inside of the bottom-
plate, on top of the floor, to protect it from the fire. See
fig. 575.
First-class Car. A car used for carrying passengers who
pay the regular rates of fare. The term is used to dis-
tinguish the passenger-car in ordinary use from those of
an inferior grade for the accormnodation of passengers
who pay less than the regular fare, but does not include
sleeping and drawing-room cars, in which an extra charge
in addition to the ordinary fare is made. Fig. 4 repre-
sents a first-class car.
Fittings. Furnishings, which see.
Fixed Brake-lever. A brake-lever the upper end of which is
fastened to a brake-lever stop.
Fixed Freight-ear-lock. A lock which is attached to the
side of a car. The bolt or hasp is fastened to the
door.
Flag-holder Plate, for Corner-post of Passenger-car. A
cast or malleable iron plate attached to the outside of a
SLA
74
FI&
comei--post of a passenger-ear to hold a socket for a sig-
nal-flag staff. See 161, fig. 219.
Flag-holder Socket, for Corner-post of Passenger-car. A
cast or malleable iron receptacle to receive and hold a
signal-flag staff. It has a suitable lug cast on it which
engages into a plate attached to the comer-post of a pas-
senger car.
Flag-holder, for Comer-post of Passenger-car. A cast or
malleable iron receptacle to receive and bold a signal-flag
staff. It has a suitable lug cast on it, which engages into
a plate attached to the corner-post of a passenger-car.
Flange. See Wheel-flange.
Flanger. See Snow-Jlanger.
Flat-bar Spiral-spring. A spiral-spring which is made by
winding a flat bar of steel on a mandrel. See fig. 198.
Flat-car. A car, the body of which consists simply of a
platform, which is not inclosed on the sides or top. See
figs. 20, 21.
Flat Coupling-pin. A coupling-pin, the cross section of
which is of an oblong form. See figs. 275, 276.
Flax Bell-cord. See Bell-cord.
Floating Connection-red. In the Hodge-brake, a horizon-
tal rod which connects the two floating-levers together.
See 8, fig. 612. In the Westinghouse-brake, a rod which
connects a brake-cylinder-lever with a floating-lever. See
12, fig. 661. .-...-
Floating-lever. One of two horizontal braKe-levers which
j are used under the centre of a car-body, and form a part
of the Hodge-brake. They are each connected at ona
end with one of the brake-levers on the truck, and at the
other end with the brake-windlass. The centres of tho
floating-levers are connected together by a rod called a
floating connection-rod. See 7, fig. 642 ; 16, fig. 661.
Floor. 1. "That part of a building or room on which we
walk ; the bottom or lower part consisting, in modern
houses, of boards, planks, or pavement. •
2. "A platform of boards or planks laid on timbers, as
in a bridge or car ; any similar platform/' — Webster.
3. The boards which cover the floor-timbers of a, car,
and form the bottom on which passengers walk or freight
is carried. In passenger-cars, the floor usually consists
of two courses of boards. See 27, figs. 55-84, 215-232 ;
12, figs. 750-752. Also see
Inclined End-floor. Main-floor.
Inclined Side-floor. Platform-floor.
Intermediate Floor. Upper-floor.
Floor-beam. A Floor4imber, which see.
Floor-frame. The main frame of a car-body underneath
the floor, including the sills, floor-timbers, etc.
Flooring. A term used to designate the boards or lumber
of which a floor is made. . -f "
Floor-mat. A texture or structure of hemp, cocoa-fibre,
FLO
75
FOO
rattan, india-rubber, wood, or other material, laid on the
floor of a car for passengers to clean their boots and
shoes on. Mats are placed on the floors of street-cars to
take up the dirt and dust. See Wood Floor-mat.
Flcor-silL See Sill.
Floor-timbers. The main timbers in the frame of a car-
body between the sills and underneath the floor, and on
which the latter rests. See 3, 4, figs. 55-S4, 215-233 ;
10, figs, 750-752. See
Centre Floor-timber. Intermediate Floor-iim-
Diagonal Floor-timber. ber.
Inclined Floor-timber. Short Floor-timber.
Transverse Floor-Amber.
Floor-timber Braces. Diagonal timbers let into the floor-
timbers and sills under the floor to stiffen the floor-
frame laterally. See 8, fig. 83; 7, fig. 220.
Floor-timber Distance-block. A short transverse piece of
timber placed between adjoining floor-timbers and sills to
stiffen them, the whole being fastened together with
bolts. See 7, figs. 78, 79, 81; 5, fig. 220.
Flush-bolt. A bolt attached to a slide which is let into a
door, sash, or window so as to be flush with its surface.
See fig. 517, 537.
Flush-bolt Xeeper. A plate which is attached to a door,
sash, or window frame, and has a suitable hole, in which
a flush-bolt engages. See fig. 51
Flush-handle. A handle for a lock or latch which is placed
in a recess, as of a door, sash, or berth, and which doe?
not project beyond the surface of the object to which it
is attached. See figs. 530, 532.
Flush Window-lift. A metal plate with a recess, to take
hold of, which is let into the sash so as to be flush with
its surface. See fig. 318.
Folding-side Gondola-ca_. A gondola-car, the sides of
which are attached with hinges, so that they can bo
folded up or down.
Follower. A Follower-plate, which see,
Follower-bolt. A Piston Follower-bolt, which see.
Follower-plate. See Draw-bar Follower-plate. Auxiliary
Draw-bar Follower-plate. Piston Follower-plate.
Foot-board. See Brake Foot-board.
Foot-board Bracket. See Brake Foot-board Bracket.
Foot-rest. A horizontal wooden bar underneath a car-
seat for the passengers who occupy the next seat to rest
their feet on. See 172, fig. 218; 8, fig. 401. See Movable
Foot-rest. Side Foot-rest.
Foot-rest Carriers. A pair of iron bars which are attached,
one of them to the seat-stand and the other to the
side of the car, and which carry or support a pair of
movable foot-rests. The latter are fastened to the ends of
of the carriers and can be tipped up or down by moving
the carriers on their pivots. See 9, fig. 400.
FOTT
76
FBE
Fount. See Lamp-fount.
Four-way-cock Plug, for Triple-valve of Westinghouse
Car-brake. A tapered conical spindle, with two passages
in it which form a faucet for opening and closing
communication between the brake -cylinder reservoir,
brake-pipe, and triple-valve. See 17, fig. 704.
Four-wheeled Box-car. A box-oar carried on four wheels.
See fig. 13.
Four-wheeled Gondola-car. A gondola-car mounted on
four wheels. See fig. 23.
Four-wheeled Hopper-bottom Coal-car. A car with four
wheels and a bottom shaped somewhat like a mill-hopper
with a drop-door underneath for unloading or dumping
the coal with which the car is loaded. See fig. 27. Also
see Coal Dump-car.
Frame. See
Berth-spring Frame. Match-striker Frame.
Continuous Truck-frame. Mirror-frame.
Cushion-frame. Name-panel Frame.
Diamond-truck Side- Platform-hood Frame.
frame. Register-frame.
Door-frame. Side-frame.
End-frame. Signal-bell Frame.
Fire-door Frame. Truck-frame.
Floor-frame. Truck Side-frame.
Framed Spring-plank. A spring-plank composed of seve-
ral different pieces framed together. See fig. 134.
Franklin Institute System of Screw-threads. The Sellers
system of screw-threads is often called the Franklin In-
stitute system because the former was first proposed in a
report to, and was recommended by, the Franklin Insti-
tute. See Sellers System of Screw-threads.
Freight Barrow-truck. A two-wheeled vehicle for mov-
ing freight by hand about a freight-house or station. See
fig. 51. Sometimes called freight-house truck.
Freight-car. A general term used to designate all kinds
of cars which carry goods, merchandise, produce, miner-
als, etc., to distinguish them from those which carry
passengers. See figs. 12, 30.
Freight-car Lock. A lock for fastening the doors of
freight-cars. See 79, fig. 59. See Fixed Freight-car Lock.
Freight-house Truck. See Freight Barrow-truck, fig. 51,
and Freight Wagon-truck, fig. 50.
Freight-truck. See Freight Barrow - truck, fig. 51.
Freight Wagon-truck, fig. 50. Push Baggage-car,
fig. 48.
Freight Wagon-truck. A four-wheeled vehicle for mov-
ing freight by hand about a railroad station or ware-
house. See fig. 50.
Fresnel Lantern. A lamp inclosed in a cylindrical Fres-
nel lens. See fig. 499. See Fresnel Lens.
FRE
77
FUI*
Fresnel Lens. A lens formed of coneentive rings of glass
or other transparent substances, one or both sides of
■which are bounded by spherical surfaces. The object of
making a lens in this form is to reduce its thickness in
the centre,and thus lessen the liability of having flaws and
impurities in the glass, and also to reduce the absorption
and aberration of the luminous rays which pass through
the lens. Such lenses are also made of a hollow, cylin-
drical form and used to inclose signal-lamps. The out-
side of the glass is formed of successive rings, the exter-
nal surfaces of which are bounded by spherical surfaces.
See figs. 497, 498.
Friction-block. See Swing-nanger Friction-block.
Friction-plate. A metal plate attached to any object or
surface to resist abrasion or friction. Side-bearings are
sometimes called friction-plates. See Chaflng-plate.
Draw-bar Friction-plate.
Fricticn-roller. A wheel or pulley interposed between a
sliding object and the surface on which it slides to di-
minish the friction. See Door Friction-roller. Sliding-
door Friction-roller.
Frieze. That portion of a passenger or street car-body on
the outside, between the cornice or eaves of the roof and
the tops of the wmdows. See Letter-board.
Frieze-ventilator. A ventilator placed in the frieze of a
car. See 141, fig. 215.
Frieze Ventilator-plate. A perforated metal plate placed
en the outside of a frieze-ventilator to exclude rain and
cinders from the car. See figs. 343. 344.
Frieze Ventilator-register. A register for a ventilator in
the frieze or letter-board of a car. See fig. 346.
Front. See Ash-pit Front. Alcove-front. Water-alcove
Front.
Front Cylinder-head, for Westinglwuse Car-brake. A cir-
cular cast-iron plate or cover for the end of a cylinder
opposite to the piston-rod. See 5, figs. 729, 730. For
convenience of designation, the end of the cylinder oppo-
site to the piston-rod is called the front-end, and that
adjoining the piston-rod, the back-end, as in locomo-
tives.
Front Cylinder-head, for Westinglwuse Tender-brake.
Same as above for cai--brake. See 5, figs. 727, 728.
Frcnt Seat-bottom Hail. A wooden strip at the front edge
of a seat to which a wooden scat-bottom is attached. See
37, figs. 750-752. See Back Seat-bottom Rail.
Front Seat-rail. A longitudinal strip of wood which ex-
tends along the front edge of ordinary passenger and
street car-seats, and which supports the seat-bottom. See
36, figs. 750, 752.
Fulcrum. ' ' In mechanics, that by which a lever is sus-
tained, or the point about which it moves." — Webster.
See Brake-lever Fulcrum.
FUN 78
Funnel. " A vessel fcs conveying fluids into close vessels ;
a kind of inverted hollow cone with a pipe ; a tunnel."' —
Webster. See Filling-funnel. Poke-hole Funnel.
Furnishings. This term is used to designate the smaller
fixtures, hardware, etc., such as locks, latches, basket
racks, seat-back arms, window-fastenings, hinges, etc.,
which are used in the inside of cars. See also Car-fur-
nishings.
Furring. Pieces of wood placed in a wall or other position
to nail something to as a panel or moulding. See Win-
doio-panel Furring. Panel-furring.
Fusee. The cone or conical part of a watch or clock, round
which is wound the chain or cord. See Berth-spring Fusee.
a
Gagger. A Chaplet, which see.
Gain. " In architecture, a beveling shoulder ; a lapping of
timbers, or the cut that is made for receiving a timber."
— Webster. In car work the term generally means a
notching of one piece of timber into another.
Gasolier. An ornamental arrangement of pipes and burn-
ers for lighting a railroad-car with gas. It is a chande-
lier for a railroad-car.
Gas-burner. ' ' The jet-piece of a gas-lighting apparatus
at which the gas issues and combustion takes place." —
Knight. See Bracket Gas-burner.
GAtU
Gasket. " A strip of leather, tow, or textile fabric, to form
a packing or caulk a joint."' — Knight. See Journal-box-
cover Gasket.
Gasket, for Top Steam-cylinder of Engine for Westing-
house-brake. A piece of sheet copper, cut to the shape
of the surfaces of contact of the steam-cylinder and ita
head, and placed between the iwo to make a steam-tigh's
joint. See fig. 699.
Gasket, for bottom of Air-cylinder for Westinghouse-brake.
Same as above for joint between the bottom of the air-
cylinder and its head. See fig. 702.
Gasket, for bottom of Steam-cylinder of Engine for West-
inghouse-brake. Same as above, for joint between the
lower end of the steam-cylinder and centre-piece. See
fig. 700.
Gasket, for top of Air-cylinder for Westinghouse-brake.
Same as above, for joint between top of air-cylinder and
centre piece. See fig. 701.
Gate. See Platform-gate.
Gate, of a Casting-mould. The opening in the mould
through which the melted metal is poured. See Ingate.
Gauge. The distance between the heads of the rails of a
railroad. The usual distance, 4 ft. Si£ or 9 in., is called the
standard-gauge ; if greater than this, a broad-gauge or
wide-gauge ; if smaller, a narrow-gauge.
GATJ
Also a tool or instrument used as a standard of measure-
ment. See
Air-gauge. Narrow-gauge.
Broad-gauge. Pressure-gauge.
Cylindrical-gauge. Screw-gauge.
External Cylindrical- Screw Pitch-gauge.
gauge. Screw-thread Gauge.
External Screw-gauge. Standard-gauge.
Internal Cylindrical- Wliitivorth-gauge.
gauge. Wide-gauge.
Gauze. See Wire-gauze. ■
Gear. Apparatus: In mechanics the term is used to desig-
nate a combination of appliances for effecting some re-
sult, as valve-gear. See Draw-gear. Swing-motion
Gear.
Gear-vrheel, for Hand-car. The larger cog-wheel of a
hand-car which is attached to the crank-shaft and gears
into a pinion on the axle of the car. See 5, figs. 773-775.
Gib, for Journal-bearings. A Journal-bearing Key, which
see.
Girder. " In architecture, the principal piece of timber in
a floor. Its ends are usually framed into the summers, or
breast-summers, and the joists are framed into it at one
end. In buildings entirely of timber, the girder is fast-
ened by tenons into the posts." — Webster.
"The term girder is restricted to beams subject to
9 GLO
transverse strain, and exerting a vertical pressure merely
on their points of support." — Stoney. The term in this
country is often -used synonymously with truss. Thus,
engineers speak of a "Howe Truss," a " Pratt Truss,"
a " Warren Girder," and a " Lattice Girder." The
term truss is never applied to a plate-girder, so that
the distinction seems to be that a truss always consists
of some system of open framing, whereas a girder may
be either of open work or solid, as in a plate-girder.
Girth. A long horizontal piece of wood on the side of a
box-car body fitted on the inside of the posts and braces
so as to embrace them. In box-cars it is placed about
half-way between the floor and the roof. See 49, figs.
55-72. See also End-girth.
Girth Tie-rod. A horizontal rod extending from the door
to the corner-post along the girth of a freight-car and in-
tended to tie the two posts together.
Gland. A cover of a stuffing-box, as for a piston-rod etc.
See Piston-rod Packing-gland.
Glass. See Window-glass.
Glass-seal. See Lock-seal.
Globe. See
Double-cone Lamp-globe. Loose-globe.
Egg-shaped Lamp-globe. Melon- shaped Lamp-
Fast Lamp-globe. globe.
Lamp-globe. Pear-shaped Lamp-globe^
GLO
80
GRA
Globe-chimney. A Lamp-globe Chimney, which see.
Globe-holder. Any contrivance for holding a globe on a
lamp. Usually it consists of a metal Ting, at the base of
the globe, on which the latter rests, and to which it is
fastened with springs, screws, or by the pressure of the
globe-chimney on top when the latter is adjustable. See
7, figs. 470, 475. See Detachable Globe-holder.
Gondola-car. A car with a platform-body which is in-
closed with low side-boards. These side-boards are usu-
ally fixed, but are sometimes hinged so that they can be
let down, and in some cases are removable. See figs. 19,
23. Also see Folding-side Gondola-car. Eight-wlieeled
Gondola-car. Four-wheeled Gondola-car.
Gong. A Signal-bell, which see.
Graduating-spring, of Triple-valve for Westinghouse Car-
bralce. A spiral-spring which acts against a collar on the
graduating-stem to hold the latter against the triple-
valve-piston when it is forced downward. See 8, fig.
704; fig. 710.
Graduating-stem, of Triple-valve for Westinghoiise-brake.
A slender rod or pin which works in a hole drilled in the
centre of the triple-valve-piston, and which, by the
movement the latter, opens and closes communication
from the chambers above and below the piston. See 7,
figs. 704, fig. 709.
Grain-car. A box-car, with tight inside doors, made for
carrying grain.
Grain-doer. A close-fitting movable door on the inside of
a box-car by which the lower part of the door-opening is
closed, when the car is loaded with grain, to prevent the
latter from leaking out at the door-way. Such doors are
usually made so that they can be thrown over on one
side of the door-wa^ and thus be out of the way when
they are not used, A great variety of mechanical de-
vices is used for accomplishing this purpose. See 62,
fig. 61.
Grain-door Hod. An iron rod attached to the door-posts
on the inside of a box-car, and to which a grain-door is
fastened or hinged. The door and rod are general^ ar-
ranged so that the former can be moved to one side and
out of the way when the car is not loaded with grain.
See 63, fig. 61.
Grate. A frame of iron bars for holding coals hi a stove,
fire-place, etc. See Anti-clinker Grate. Safety-grate.
Stove-grate.
Grate, for Baker Heater. An iron casting with slots and
bars on which the fire is made in a Baker heater. See
3, figs. 581 ; fig. 584.
Grate, for Spear Heater. A circular cast-iron perforated
plate on which the fire rests. Air is admitted to the fire
through the openings. See 18, fig. 554 ; figs. 570, 576.
GRA
81
HAL
Grate-bar, for Spear Heater. A cast-iron bar below the
grate, and on which the latter rests. See 20, figs. 554,
fig. 571.
Grated-door. A door, consisting of a wooden frame with
iron or wooden bars, used on cars for carrying live-
stock. See fig. 55. Grated-doors are also shown in figs.
14, 15, 16.
Grats-ring, for Spear Heater. A cast-iron ring which sur-
rounds the grate. See 19, fig, 554; fig. 577.
Grate-shaker. An iron bar which can be attached to a
grate to move it in shaking the fire. See fig. 600.
Grating. See Window-grating.
Gravel-car. A car for carrying gravel ; usually a Tip-car,
which see.
Grease-box. A Journal-box, which see.
Group-spring. A spiral car-spring formed of a number of
separate springs, united together so that they all act as
one spring. When it consists of two, three, or four
springs united it is called a double, or two-group, a
three-group, four-group spring, etc. See figs. 211, 212.
Guard. See
Dash-guard. Dust-guard.
Door-guard. Fender-guard.
Draw-timber Guard. Heat-guard.
Window-guard.
Guard-band. See Door-guard Band.
Guard-pipe, for Creamer-brake. A piece of %-in. gas-tub-
ing attached to the hand-rail, and leading to the plat-
form roof of a car to protect the wire connection of the
brake. See 19, fig. 646.
Guide. " That which leads or conducts." — Webster. See
Bell-cord Guide. Brake-lever Guide.
Bell-strap Guide. Brake-rod Guide.
Bell-strap Guide, with Draw-bar Guide.
Roller. Journal-box Guide.
Strap-hanger Guide.
Guide-bar. See Truck bolster Guide-bar.
Guide-block. See Truck-bolster Guide-block.
Guide-rail A Door-track, which see.
Gum-spring. A term used by Philadelphians to designate
India-rubber Car-springs, which see.
Gun-car. See Cannon-car.
H
Hair. See Hard-hair. Curled-hair.
Half-elliptic Spring. A spring composed of one set of
plates in a form resembling the half of an ellipse. See
figs. 82, 127 ; 2, fig. 132 ; fig. 187.
Half-elliptic Spring-bearing. A cast or wrought iron
plate on which the end of a half-elliptic spring rests.
See 1, fig. 132.
HAL
82
HAN
Half-round-bar Spiral-spring. A spiral spring made of a
half-round bar of steel. See figs. 192, 193.
Hammered Car-axle. An axle made by forging under a
hammer. Sometimes called faggotcd-axle. Hammered
axles are made either of slabs or bars of iron, which are
piled together and then heated, welded, and forged into
the form of the axle by hammering, usually under a
steam hammer. The slabs are made by piling small
pieces of scrap-iron, which are then heated and welded to-
gether by forging. The bars used for making such axles
are sometimes made of rolled iron.
Hand-car. A small and light car arranged with cranks or
levers and gearing so that it can be propelled by hand by
persons riding on the car. Such cars are usually used for
carrying workmen and tools. See Crank Hand-car, fig.
43; Lever Hand-car, fig. 44; Inspection Hand-car, fig.
45; Express Hand-car, fig. 46; Three-wheeled Hand-car,
fig. 47.
Hand-car Lever. A pivoted iron bar which is connected
with a crank of a hand-car and by which the car is pro-
pelled. The lever is worked by hand. See 19, figs. 772,
773.
Hand-car Truss-rod. A transverse or longitudinal rod by
which the floor-frame of a hand-car is trussed. See 26,
figs. 772-775.
Hand-car Wheel. A light wheel for hand-cars, with cast-
iron rim and hub and wrought-iron spokes. See fig.
184.
Hand-hole. See Dust Hand-hole. Fare-wicket.
Handle. That part of any object, instrument, or device
which is held in the hand when it is used. See
Ash-pit Door-handle. Ladder-handle.
Berth-latch Handle. Lever-handle.
Brake-shaft Crank-han- Register-handle.
die. Saloon-handle.
Corner-handle. Sliding-door Handle.
Corner-urinal Handle. Side-urinal Handle.
Door-handle. Stove-pipe-damper Han-
Feed-door Handle. die.
Flush-handle. Tank-valve-rod Handle.
Urinal-h andle.
Hand-rail. A bar or rail to take hold of with the band.
See
Body Hand-rail. Inside Hand-rail.
Door Hand-rail. Step Hand-rail.
Hand-rail, for Tank-car. An iron pipe supported on posts
on the outside of a tank-car for train-men to hold on in:
passing over the cars. See 121, figs. 73-76.
Hand-rail Bracket. See Inside Hand-rail Bracket.
Hand-rail Post, for Tank-car. Vertical iron posts or stan-
chions attached to the outside of a tank-car, and which
form a support for the hand-rail. See 122, figs. 73-76.
EAN
83
HEA
Sand-straps. Straps made of leather, or other flexible
material, and attached to the inside hand-rail for passen-
gers to hold on by. They are generally made in the
form of a double loop and are used chiefly in street-
cars. See 96, figs. 750, 753.
Hand-wheel. A Brake-wheel, which see.
Hanger. 1. " That by which a thing is suspended." —
Webster.
2. " A means for supporting shafting of machinery."
— Knight. See
Bell-cord Hanger. Parallel Brake-hanger.
Bell-cord Fixed-hanger. Rocker-bearing-timber
Bell-cord Strap-hanger. Hanger.
Bell-cord Double-strap- Safety-hanger.
hanger. Spring-hanger.
Brake-hanger. Step-hanger.
Door-hanger. Strap-hanger.
Hat-cord Hanger. Swing-hanger.
Link-hanger. Swing-link Hanger.
Hanger-link. A Swing-hanger, which see.
Hard-hair. A quality of curled-hair which is very stiff
or rigid. See Curled-hair.
Hasp. " A fastening clamp or bar fast at one end to an
eye-bolt or staple, the other end passing over a staple,
where it is secured by a pin, key, button, or padlock."
— Knight. See Door-hasp. Head-board Coupling-hasp.
Hat-cord End-fastener. A metal plate, with a centre-
hole and wedge-bushings, by which a hat-card i: fast-
ened to the end of a car.
Hat-cord Hanger. A metal eye, or fastening, by which a
hat-cord is attached to the ceiling of a car.
Hat-cords. Cords which are placed under the ceiling of a
passenger-car and to which hats can be hung up by their
rims. These are seldom used now.
Hat-hook. A metal hook for hanging hats on. See fig.
445.
Hat-post. An upright metal pin for hanging hats on.
These are used chiefly in sleeping-cars. See 18, figs. 296,
297; 2, fig. 371.
Hat-post and Hook Combined. A hat-post made in com-
bination with a hook. The latter is used for hanging
clothing or other light articles on. See fig. 447.
Hat-rack. A Basket-rack, which see.
Hay-car. A box-car for carrying baled hay. Such cars
are usually made with larger bodies and doors than ordi-
nary box freight-cars.
Head. See
Back Cylinder-head. Dome-head.
Bottom Cylinder-head. Draw-bar Head.
Brake head. Front Cylinder-head.
Buffer-head. Piston-head.
Cross-head. Steam-piston Head.
EEA
84
HEL
Tank-head. Top Cylinder-head.
Head-board. See Berth Head-board.
Head-board Eolt. A belt for holding a bead-board in its
place. See fig. 367 ; 2, fig. 369.
Head-board-bolt Bushing. A socket for receiving a head-
board bolt. See fig. 368.
Head-board Coupling. A metal hasp and keeper by
which two parts of a head-board of a sleeping-car are con-
nected together, or one part is fastened to the seat-back
or side of the car. See figs. 365, 366.
Head-board-coupling Hasp. A hook which engages
into a corresponding eye in a head-board-coupling
keeper. See fig. 365.
Head-board-coupling Keeper. The portion of a head-
board coupling which forms an eye for a corresponding
catch. See fig. 366.
Head-lining. Painted cloth lining with which the ceilings
of passenger-cars are covered. The painting on head-
linings is intended to be of an ornamental character.
Head-lining Nail. A nail with a large button-shaped
head especially made for fastening head-linings to the
ceilings of cars. See fig. 448.
Heater. Any apparatus for warming a car, room, or build-
ing by convection; that is, by conveying hot water,
steam, or warmed air into or through the apartments.
The term generally refers to any arrangement for warm-
ing apartments other than stoves, which heat by direct
radiation. See Baker Car-heater. Car-heater. Spear
Anti-clinker Car-heater.
Heater-pipe Casing. A wooden or iron covering over a
heater-pipe in a passenger-car to prevent the feet of pas-
sengers from coming in contact with the hot pipes. The
casing also forms a foot-rest. See 10, fig. 401.
Heat-guard. A sheet-metal covering for the wood-work
of a passenger-car, to protect it from the heat of a stove.
Sometimes this covering is nailed to the side and ends of
the car, and in other cases it is made to surround the
stove. It is usually made of tin plates or zinc.
Heat-guard, of Baker Car-heater. A Russia-iron casing
around the back of the upper part of a Baker heater to
protect the wood- work of the car from the heat. See
11, fig. 581; fig. 592.
Height of Draw-bar. This is the vertical distance meas-
ured from the centre of a draw-bar to the tops of the
rails. At the meeting of the Master Car-builders' Associ-
ation held at Richmond. Va., June 15, 1871, a resolution,
was unanimously adopted recommending that a height
of 2 feet 9 inches be adopted as a standard height for
the draw-bars of all cars.
Helper. A term used to designate an assistant engine or
horse to help trains or cars up grades.
Helper-ring. An iron ring fastened to the platform end-
HEM
85
HOO
timber of a street-car and used to attach an extra horse to
the car to pull up steep places.
Hemp Bell-cord. See Bell-cord.
Hemp Floor-mat. See Floor-mat.
Hibbard-spring. A spiral spring composed of several
coils of steel of rectangular section. The coils are placed
inside of each other and are made of different diameters
and wound in opposite directions, or " right and left."
The spring is named after the inventor. See fig. 199.
Hinge. "The hook or joint on which a door, gate, etc.,
turns.'' — Webster. See
Berth-hinge. Loose-joint Butt-hinge.
Butt-hinge. Loose-pin Butt-hinge.
Door-hinge. Man-hole Hinge.
Drop-bottom Singe. Seat-hinge.
Fast Berth-hinge. Sofa-hinge.
Fast-joint Butt-hinge. Strap-hinge.
Loose Berth-hinge. T '-hinge.
Hinge-turner, for 3Iincral-oil Lamp. A burner of which
the chimney-scat is hinged to the lamp-top so as to give
access to the wick.
Hedge-brake. An arrangement invented by Nehemiab
Hodge and patented by him in 1849, for operating the
brakes on each truck of a car simultaneously, and equal-
izing the pressure on all the wheels. The brake may
iave either one or two levers, on each truck. Underneath
the car-body are two levers called floating-levers, with
movable fulcrums in then- centres, which are connected
together by a rod. One end of each of these levers is
connected by a rod and chain to the brake-shaft, and the
other end of the floating-lever is connected by a rod
with the long arm of a brake-lever on a truck. See fig.
643.
Holder. "Something by which a thing is held." — Web-
ster. See
Alcove Cup-holder. Lamp-chimney Solder.
Basin-chain Solder. Lamp-holder.
Berth Safety-rope Solder. Mirror-sash Solder.
Brake-shaft Solder. Side-lamp Solder.
Candle-holder. Sliding-door Solder
Cup-holder. Soap-holder.
Detachable-globe Holder. Spring Window-holder.
Door-holder. Ticket -holder.
Door-sheave Solder. Tumbler-holder.
Globe-holder. Window-curtain Solder.
Lamp-case Door-holder. Window-sash Solder.
Windoiv-spring Solder.
Hollow-spoke Wheel. A cast-iron car-wheel made with
hollow spokes. See figs. 166, 167.
Hood. See Platform-hood. Ventilator-hood. A roof-
apron is sometimes called a hood.
Hood, for Spear Seater. A horizontal tube or covering
HOO 8
on the outside of a car, and on top of the cold-air pipe,
so as to give the latter a T shape. The air is admitted
to the pipe through the ends of the hood which are cov-
ered with wire netting or perforated plates so as to ex-
clude cinders. The hood has a valve which is moved by
the current of air produced by the motion of the car, so
as to admit air which ever way the car runs. See 1, 1,
figs. 550, 551, 552.
Hook. See
Bell-cord End-hook. Draw-hook.
Berth-curtain Hook. Hat-post and Hook.
Body Check-chain Hook. Lamp-case Hook.
Check-chain Hook. Seal-hook.
Coat-and-hat Hook. Stake-hook.
Coat-hook. Table-hook.
Coupling-hook. Table-leg Hook.
Door-hook. Tank-band Hook.
Door-latch Hook. Tassel-hook.
Draw-bar Coupling-hook. Truck Check-chain hook.
Window-curtain Hook.
Hopkins Journal-bearing. See Lead-lined Bearing.
Hopper. See Coal-hopper. Soil-hopper. Water-closet
Hopper.
Hopper-bottom Coal-car. A car with a bottom shaped
somewhat like a mill-hopper, and with a drcp-door under-
i HOE,
neath for unloading or dumping the coal with which the
car is loaded. See figs. 24-27. See
Coal Dump-car. Hopper-bottom Gondola
Eight-wheeled Hopper- Coal-car.
bottom Coal-ear. Iron-hopper Coal-car.
Four-wheeled Hopper-
bottom Coal-car.
Hopper-bottom Gondola-car. A Gondola-car made with a
bottom shaped somewhat like a mill-hopper, and a drop-
door underneath for unloading or dumping the coal, ors
etc., with which the car is loaded, and which it is in-
tended to carry. See fig. 24. Also see Coal Dump-
car.
Horizontal Brake-shaft. A brake-shaft usually at the end
of a car-body, whose position is horizontal instead of ver-
tical. See 95, figs. 55, 56. 69, 72.
Horizontal Braks-shaft Chain. A chain attached to a
brake rod at the end of a car and running over a pulley
to a horizontal shaft on which it is wound. See 104,
figs. 55, 56.
Horizontal Telegraph-cock or Faucet. See Telegraph
Faucet.
Horns. See Pedestal-horns.
Horse-car. A box-car fitted up especially for carrying
horses. See fig. 16. Street-cars drawn by horses are also
sometimes called horse-cars. See Street-car.
HOS
87
IND
Hose. Flexible tubing, made of leather, canvas, or in-
dia-rubber, for conveying water, air, or other fluids. See
Armored-hose. Coupling-hose.
Brake-hose. Tender-Jwse.
Hose-couplings. See Brake-hose Couplings.
Hot-air Pipe, for Spear Heater. A pipe by which the hot
air is conducted from the heater and distributed through
the car by registers at each seat. See 3, figs. 550, 554.
Hotel-car. A sleeping car with a kitchen for cooking and
arrangements for serving meals. See fig. 1. Restaurant-
cars have kitchens, etc., but no sleeping-berths.
-House-car. A Box-car, which see.
Housing-box. A Journal-box, which see.
Hub-bolts. Bolts by which the hub of a wheel is fastened
to the wheel-plate. They are used with paper wheels.
See 3, figs. 176, 177.
Hub of "Wheel. The central portion of a wheel into which
the axle is fitted. The hub of a car-wheel is usually cyl-
indrical in form, and projects beyond the discs or spokes
of the wheel on each side. See 21, fig. 138 ; figs. 154-
184.
Hydraulic-jack. A tool or machine in which the power
is exerted by aieans of the pressure of some liquid act-
ing against a piston oi plunger, for raising heavy weights,
like a car. The pressure on the liquid is produced
by a small pump worked by hand. See figs. 801, 803.
Hydraulic-pressed Car-candles. Candles made of paraf-
fine which are subjected to hydraulic pressure.
Ice-car. A car for transporting ice. Such cars are usually
constructed with double roofs, floors, and sides, the space
between which is filled with saw-dust or other non-con-
ducting substance to prevent the ice from melting.
Ice-pan. A receptacle for carrying ice in refrigerator-
cars.
Inclined End-floor, of Coal-cars. The sloping wooden
floor at the end of a coal-car. See 134, figs. 77-79.
Inclined Floor-timbers, for Coal-car. The wooden sills
to which the inclined floor of a coal-car is nailed. See
153, figs. 77, 79.
Inclined-plane Car. A car for carrying passengers which
is drawn by a wire rope on a steep inclined-plane. The
car is so arranged that the floor will be level when the
wheels are on the incline. This is done by making the
wheels at one end larger than at the other, or by raising
up one end of the car-body higher than the other, when
the car stands on a level track. See fig. 35.
Inclined Side-floor, of Coal-cars. The sloping wooden
floor on the side of a coal-car. See 135, figs. 78, 79.
India-rubber Car-spring. A spring consisting of a cylin-
IND
drical block of india-rubber. Such springs are used both
for carrying the weight of cars and for buffer and draw-
springs. See fig. 214.
India-rubber Floor-mat. See Floor-mat.
Ingate. "The aperture in a casting-mould at which the
melted metal enters." — Knight. Often called a Gate,
■which see.
Inner Draw-bar Carry-iron, for Miller-coupler. A \J-
shaped strap of wrought-iron bolted to the suspender-
beam to support the draw-bar or draw-hook of a Miller-
coupler. See 32, figs. 282, 284.
Inner-hung Brake. When the brake-shoes and beams are
attached to a tr.ick, or four-wheeled car, between the
wheels, it is called an inner-hung brake. When they are
attached on the outside, it is an outer-hung brake. Figs.
100, 101, 639, 645 represent inner-hung brakes.
Inscription-plate. A metal plate with any kind of letter-
ing or record on it. The cast-iron plate attached to the
top of the platform end-timbers of the Miller-platform,
with the dates of the patents on it. See 46, figs. 283, 284,
285.
Inside-casing, of Baker Heater. Sheet-iron bent and riv-
eted into the shape of a frustrum of a cone which forms
the chamber for the fire in a Baker heater. See 5, fig.
581 ; fig. 586.
Inside-cornice. A moulding on the inside of passenger-
8 INS
cars which fills the angle formed where the ceiling or
roof joins the side of the car. See 94, figs. 218, 225, 226;
36, fig. 301.
Inside-cornice Facia-board. A projecting board on the-
inside of a passenger-car at the cornice, which forms a
moulding or ornament under the cornice. See 95, figs.
225, 226; 37, fig. 301.
Inside-cornice Sub-facia Board. A projecting board
under the inside-cornice facia-board. See 96, figs. 225,
226; 38, fig. 301.
Inside End-piece, of Truck-frame. The cross-piece at the
end of a truck-frame winch is next to the centre of the
car.
Inside Frieze-panel. A panel on the inside of a street-car
over a window. These panels are usually disfigured by
advertisements and sometimes by very bad paintings.
See 31, fig. 750.
Inside Hand-rail. A rail, usually made of wood, attached
to the rafters on the inside of passenger and street cars
by metal brackets, and intended for passengers to bold
fast to. In street-cars leather straps made in the form of
loops are attached to these rails. See 94, figs. 750,
752.
Inside Hand-rail Bracket. A metal knee or support
which is fastened to the rafters of passenger and street
INS
89
INT
cars and which forms a support for a hand-rail which is
attached thereto. See 95, figs. 750, 752; fig. 758.
Inside-lining. The hoarding which is nailed to the insides
of the posts of freight, baggage, and other cars. See 53,
figs. 61, 64, 83, 84; 97, figs. 225, 226.
Tn side-lining Cap. A Girth, which see.
Tn side-ring, for Spear Heater. A perforated circular
casting which is placed between the fire -pot and the cas-
' ing of the heater. See 15, fig. 554; fig. 560.
Inside Top-plate, of Spear Heater. A cast-iron plate, with
a hole in the centre to which the smoke-pipe is attached,
and 'which forms a cover for the fire-pot. See 11, fig.
554 ; fig. 561.
Inside Wheel-piece Plate. An iron plate fastened to the
inside of a wheel-piece to strengthen it. See 12, figs.
128, 129.
Inside "Window-panel. A panel inside of a passenger-car,
between the windows. See 89, figs. 215, 219, 226 ; 24,
fig. 298 ; 35, figs. 300, 301.
Inside "Window-sill A horizontal piece of wood under
the window, on the inside of a car. See 78, figs. 225,
226 ; 5, figs. 299, 301.
Inside "Window-stop. A wooden strip attached to a win-
dow-post on the inside of a window-blind or an inner
sash of a double window. It forms a groove in which
the blind or window-sash slides. Sometimes the window-
moulding forms a stop on the inside. See 86', fig. 225.
Inspection-car. A car used for inspecting the track of a
railroad. One form is that of a gondola-car, which is in-
closed and roofed over, but left open in front, and fur-
nished with seats. In inspecting the track, it is pushed
in front of a locomotive with the open end forward, from,
which the track is in full view of the occupants of the
car. The term inspection-car is also used to designate a
hand-car used for very much the same purpose. See In-
spection Hand-car, fig. 45.
Inspection Hand-car. A hand-car which is usually pro-
vided with comfortable seats, and is used by officers in
inspecting the track. See fig. 45.
Intermediate-floor. A floor consisting of boards placed
between the sills and floor-timbers of passenger-cars and
between the deafening or under floor and the upper
or main floor. The purpose of the intermediate-floor is1
to exclude noise and stiffen the floor-timbers.
Intermediate Floor-timbers. The two main longitudinal
timbers underneath the floor, which lie between the out-
side-sills and the centre floor-timbers. See 3, fig. 55-84 :
216-231.
Internal Cylindrical-gauge. A solid steel cylinder which
is very accurately made of a precise size and used as a
standard of measurement of cylindrical holes.
Internal Screw-gauge. A solid steel cylinder with a
INV
90
JAN
screw-thread on it, which is very accurately made of a
precise size, for measuring the diameter of female screws.
See fig. 798.
Inverted Arch-bar. A wrought-iron bar bent into some-
what the form of an inverted arch, and which forms the
tension member of a trass of an iron side-frame of a
truck. The ends of an inverted arch-bar rest on top of
the journal-boxes and the arch-bar is on top of it. See
15, figs. 95-112. See Centre-bearing Inverted Arch-
bar.
Inverted Body-queen-post. A post in the side of a car-
body which supports the body end-truss-rod. "With the
rod it forms a truss for holding up the end of the car-
body. See 24, figs. 750, 752.
Inverted Body-truss-rod. A truss-rod used to prevent the
ends of a car-body from sagging. The rod is placed on
the side of the car-body and rests on two queen-posts
placed on top of the sill, and is attached to the latter at
each end. See 23, figs. 750, 752.
Inverted Truss-rod Plate. A wrought or cast iron bear-
ing at the end of the sill of a street-car and through
which the truss-rod passes and against which the nut on
the rod bears. See 25, fig. 750.
Iron. See
Carry-iron. Knee-iron.
Cricket-iron. Pull-iron.
Safety-beam Iron. Truck-frame Knee-iron.
Step-iron. Truss-rod Iron.
Switching Iron.
Iron Body-bolster. A body-bolster made of iron, usually in
the form of a truss. See 12, figs. 60-64; 10, figs. 228-231;
figs. 235-287, 240. See Body-bolster Compression-bar.
Body-bolster Tension-bar.
Iron-hopper Coal-car. An iron car for carrying coal, the
body of which is made somewhat of the form of a mill-
hopper, and with a drop-door on the bottom for unload-
ing the coal. See fig. 26.
Iron-truck. A car-truck of which the side-frames are
made wholly of iron. These are often made of iron with
wooden transoms and spring-planks, although iron
transoms are now used in many cases. Figs. 95-114 are
illustrations of different kinds of iron-trucks.
Italian-hemp 'Bell-cord. See Bell-cord.
Jack. See
Hydraulic Jack. Smoke-jack.
Lamp-jack. Stove-pipe Jack.
Water-closet V'entilating-jack.
Jamb. See Door-jamb.
Ja.nney Car-coupler. A draw-bar arranged to couple cars
automatically, invented and patented by Mr. Janney.
JAW
91
JOU
The outer end of the draw-bar is made of a forked or (J
shape and to one arm an L-shaped knuckle or clutch is
pivoted so that when the two draw-bars come together
the two knuckles engage into each, other A buffing or
compressing device, consisting of two buffers, one on each
side of the draw-bar, is also used in connection with the
self -coupling apparatus described. See figs. 290-25*"
Jaw. See Draic-bar Jaw. Pedestal-jaw.
Jaw-bit. A bar extending across the mouth of a jaw un-
derneath a journal-box and bolted to the horns of the
pedestal. See 77, fig. 131 ; 5, fig. 750.
Jaw-spring1. A Journal-spring, which see.
Joint-bolt. A bolt used for fastening two timbers when
the end of one joins the side of another. Such bolts
have nuts which are let into the first timber and the bolt
is inserted in a hole which is bored through both and
screwed into the nut. See fig. 783.
Joint-cover. See Window-moulding Joint-cover.
Jointed Side-pawl, for CreamerJsrake. A pawl which
acts on a ratchet on the side of the drum to hold the lattei
when the spring is wound up by the brake-shaft. In ap-
plying the brake, this pawl is detached from the ratchet or
drum which allows the spring to act on the brake-shaft
and thus wind up the brake-chain. See 6, figs. 646, 847.
Jointed Top-pawl, for Cr earner-brake. A pawl with a
knuckle-joint attached to the top arm which is keyed to
the brake-shaft. The pawl acts on a ratchet on the
drum-cover in winding up the brake-spring by the brake-
shaft and wheel. See 5, figs. 646, 647. The reserve
power of the spring is communicated to the brake-shaft
through this pawl.
Journal. The part of an axle or shaft on which the jour-
nal-bearing rests, or which rests on the journal-bearing,
and is exposed to the friction caused by the revolution of
the axle or of the journal. See 6, fig. 143.
Journal-bearing'. A block of metal, usually some kind of
brass, in contact with a journal, and on which the latter
turns. See 7, fig. 138; fig. 141. In car construction the
term journal-bearing usually means a car- axle journal-
bearing. See
Hopkins Journal-bear- Master Car-builders'
ing. Standard Journal-
Lead-lined Journal-bear- bearing,
ing. Stop-key Journal-bear-
ing.
Stop Journal-bearing.
Journal-bearing Key. A plate on top of a journal-bear-
ing and which holds the latter in place. It is used so
that the bearing can be readily removed from the box.
Also called a wedge, liner, slide, saddle, keeper, etc. See
8, figs. 138, 139 ; fig. 143. Also see Master Car-builders'
Standard Journal-bearing Key.
JOU
92
JOTJ
Journal-bearing Stop-key. A journal-bearing key with a
projection to which a stop-plate is attached that bears
against the end of the axle to resist its lateral motion and
wear. See 27, figs. 146, 147 ; figs. 148-150.
Journal-box. A cast-iron box or case which .incloses the
journal of a car-axle and the journal-bearing and key,
and which holds the oil and waste or packing for lubri-
cating the journal. See 165, figs. 77-84 ; 3, figs. 88-127 :
10, figs. 138, 139 ; figs. 140-153 ; 4, figs. 750, 753. Also
see Master Car-builders' Standard Journal-box. A jour-
nal-box is also called an axle-box, car-box, grease-box,
housing-box. oil-box, and pedestal-box. See Top-reser-
voir Journal-box.
Journal-box Cover. A door or lid covering an aperture
on the outside of a journal-box, by means of which oil
and packing are supplied and journal-bearings are in-
serted or removed. Such covers are usually made of cast-
iron, sometimes of wood. See 4, figs. 88-125 ; 11, figs.
138, lob.
Journal-box-cover Bolt. A bolt used to fasten the.cover to
the box. Two of these are usually employed to each cover.
Journal-box covers are, however, often held on by hinges
and springs or some arrangement of lugs or 'grooved
joints.
Journal-box-cover Gasket. A lining of canvas, india-
rubber, leather, or other soft material which is interposed 1
between the cover and the journal-box to make a tight
joint.
Journal-box-cover Hinge-pin. A wrought-iron pin, by
which a box-cover is connected to the box, and which
fomis/rart of the hinge. See 12, figs. 138, 139.
Journal-box-cover Spring. A steel spring attached either
to the box or cover for holding the latter open or shut.
See 13, figs. 138, 139.
Journal-box Guides. Iron bars or blocks placed one on
each side of the journal-boxes of some iron-frame trucks
in which journal-springs are used. These irons, while
holding the box in place longitudinally and trausversely,
allow it to have a vertical motion between them. See
99, fig. 127. When a pair of these guides are cast in one
piece it is called a Pedestal, which see.
Journal-brass. A Journal-bearing, which see.
Journal-packing. Waste, wool, or other fibrous mate-
rial saturated with oil or grease, with which a journal-box
is filled to lubricate the journal. See 14, figs. 138, 139.
See Side-journal Spring.
Journal-spring. A spring which supports part of the
weight of a car and is placed directly over the journal,
and which usually rests on the journal-box under the
truck-frame. Such springs are sometimes placed above
the truck-frame and supported by straps, and the weight
of tbe car is transmitted to the journal-box by a vertical
pic or stirrup.
132.
KEE 93
See 78, figs. 88-90, 105, 106; 2, fig.
KIN
Keeper. " A ring, strap, pocket, or the like device for-de-
taining an object; as
1. '• A jamb nut.
2. "The box on a door-jamb into which the bolt of a
lock protrudes when shot.
3. " The latch of a hook, which prevents its accidental
disengagement." — Knight. See
Berth-latch Keeper. Flush-bolt Keeper.
Clear-story Window-latch Head-board-coupling
Keeper. Keeper.
Door-bolt Keeper. Sliding-door-latch
Door-latch Keeper. Keeper.
Door-lock Keeper. Sofa-bolt Keeper.
Keg-shaped Spiral-spring. A spring wound into a coil,
the ionn of which resembles a keg or cask. This was
patented by W. P. Hansell in 1876. See fig. 196.
Key. ''la: general sense, a fastener ; that which fastens ;
as a piece or wood in a frame of a building." — Webster.
Hence, a pin inserted in a hole in a bolt, and used to se-
cure the bolt or its nut.
" An instrument for opening or shutting a lock by
pushing the bolt one way or the other." — Webster. See
Brake-shoe Key.
Journal-bearing Key.
Journal-bearing Stop-
key.
Seat-lock Key.
Master Car-builders
Standard Journal-
bearing Key.
Master-key.
Stop-key.
Key-bolt. A bolt perforated near the end to receive a key
which takes the place of a nut. See fig. 782.
Key-hole Plate. An Escutclieon, which see.
King-bolt. A large bolt which passes through the bolster
of a car-body and the centre of a truck, and which unites
the one to the other so that the truck can turn about
the bolt. Often called a centre-pin. See 18, figs. 55-72;
16, figs. 216, 219, 222, 229, 231 ; 9, figs. 233, 235.
King-bolt Plate. A plate attached to the top of the floor
of a car and which covers the head of the king-bolt. By
removing the plate the king-bolt can be withdrawn. See
17, figs. 216, 219, 220, 229, 10, fig. 233.
King-post. A post or distance-piece between a truss-rod
and the chord of a truss or a trussed beam. If one such
piece is used in the centre of a rod or a pair of rods, it is
called a king-post; if two, they are called queen-posts.
In car construction they are made in two ways ; one ad-
justable, so that they may be lengthened or shortened,
and the other without adjustment. See 5, fig. 804.
Also see
Brake-beam King-post. Cross-frame King-post.
KN2
94
LAM
Truck-bolster King-post. Truck-frame King-post.
Knee. See Platform-hood Knee.
Knee-iron. An L-shaped or angle-iron casting or forging
which is fastened to the corner where two timbers are
joined to strengthen the joint. See Sill Knee-iron.
Truck Knee-iron.
Knob. See Berth Safety-rope Knob. Door-knob.
Knob-escutcheon. A Door-latch Pose, which see.
Ladder. Bars of wood or iron attached to the side or end
of a box-car so as to form steps by which persons may
climb to and from the top of the car. See 59, figs. 59,
60-63, 65.
Ladder-handle. A bent bar of iron fastened to the side,
end, or top of a car for persons to take hold of in going up
or down the ladder. See 60, figs. 59, 60, 63, 65.
Ladder-rod. An iron Ladder-round, which see.
Ladder-rounds. Bars of wood or iron which form the
steps of a ladder. See 2, fig 14; 59, figs. 59-65.
Ladder-sides. Vertical wooden pieces to which ladder-
rounds are attached. See 1, fig. 14.
Lag-screw. An iron bolt with a square or hexagonal head
and with a wood screw-thread cut on it and intended to
screw into wooden objects. Lag-screws are round under
the head so that they can be turned after they enter the
wood. See fig. 779.
Lambrequin. A cloth or drapery fastened over the upper
part of a window. It covers the rod and rings or roller
of the window curtains. See 28, fig. 300.
Lamp. "A vessel for the combustion of liquid inflam-
mable bodies for the purpose of producing light." —
Webster. See
Adjustable-globe Lamp. Mail-ear Lamp.
Alcove-lamp. Plastered-lamp).
Bull's-eye Lamp. Post-office-car Lamp.
Candle-lamp. Side-lamp.
Centre-lamp. Signal-lamp.
Double-lens Tail-lamp. Tail-lamp.
Loose-globe Lamp. Train-signal Lamp.
Lamp-alcove. A metal casing or lining for a recess in the
side of a car to contain a lamp. See Alcove. See fig.
492.
Lamp-arms. Rods by which a lamp is attached to the
ceiling of a car. See 4, figs. 470-472.
Lamp-bottom. The lower portion of a lamp which is re-
movable, and which usually contains the wick, burner,
and oil, or the candle, which is burned. See 20, figs. 470,
472, 475, 476 ; figs. 483-485. See Candle-lamp Bottom.
Lamp-bracket. See Side-lamp Bracket.
Lamp-burner. That portion of a lamp by which the
LAM
95
LAM
opening on the top of the reservoir is closed, -which holds
the wick, and by which the latter is adjusted. See 8,
figs. 471-474 ; figs. 478-483.
Lamp-canopy. A Smoke-bell, which see.
Lamp-case. A box at the end of a street-car in which a
lamp is placed. The case has a glazed door on the inside
and usually colored glass on the outside for a signal or
to designate the line to which the car belongs. See 74,
figs. 750, 752.
Lamp-case Chimney. A metal pipe through which the
smoke and gases of a lamp escape from a lamp-case. See
76, figs. 750, 753. This is very similar to a Lamp-jack,
which see.
Lamp-case Door. A hinged sash which forms the front
of a lamp-case facing the inside of the car. The sash is
glazed with clear glass so as to allow the light of the
lamp to illuminate the car. See 75, fig. 752.
Lamp-case Door-holder. A hook or similar contrivance
for holding a lamp-case door open. The latter is usually
hinged on top so that the holder is attached to the ceil-
ing of the car, so as to hold up the door. See fig. 769.
Lamp-ease Eye. A metal catch or eye into which a lamp-
case hook engages in order to hold the lamp-case door
shut. See fig. 767.
Lamp-case Hook. A metal hook for fastening the lamp-
case door or holding it shut. See fig, 767.
Lamp-chimney. A glass tube which incloses the flame
of a lamp and which conducts away the smoke and
gases. See 10, figs. 471, 474.
Lamp-chimney 3racket. A projecting metal arm at-
tached to the side of a car by one end and which has a
chimney-holder at the other end by which a lamp-chim-
ney is supported or held in its place on a lamp. See 12,
figs. 474, 475.
Lamp-chimney Holder. A short conical tube or ring made
of sheet metal, the upper edge of which is cut or serrated
or otherwise provided with projecting points, which act
as springs and grasp a lamp-chimney so as to hold it in its
place on the lamp. See 11, figs. 472, 474.-
Lamp-chimney Reflector. A bright or polished metal
ring or plate which is placed near the top of a lamp-
chimney to reflect the light downward. Usually it has
a hole in the centre in which the chimney is inserted.
See 15, figs. 472, 474.
Lamp-fount. A sentimental term for a Lamp-reservoir,
which see.
Lamp-globe. A glass or porcelain case or vessel inclosing
or surrounding the flame of a lamp or candle, and in-
tended to protect the latter from wind. Lamp-globes are
usually globular in form but are often made of different
shapes, as pear-shape, melon-shape, etc. See figs. 487-
491. See
LAM
96
LAT
Double-cone Lamp-globe. Melon-shaped Lamp-
Egg-shaped Lamp-globe. globe.
Pear-shaped Lamp-globe.
Lanip-globe Chimney. A metal tube attached to the top
of a lamp-globe for conducting away the smoke. See 3,
figs. 470, 475,
Lamp-holder. See Side-lamp Holder.
Lamp-jack. A cap or covering over a lamp-vent on tbe
outside of a car to exclude rain and prevent downward
currents of air in the lamp. See 136, fig. 218 ; 27, figs.
296, 297. Also see Lamp-case Chimney.
Lamp-reflector. A polished surface placed either above
or on the side of a lamp to reflect the light. See 14, figs.
470, 493. See also Alcove-lamp Reflector. .
Lamp-reservoir. The receptacle or vessel of a lamp, which
holds the oil or other combustible liquid. See 6, figs.
471, 474 ; 4:3, 484.
Lamp-ring. A metal ring at the base of a lamp, to which
the lamp-bottom or reservoir and lamp-globe are attached.
In centre-lamps the ring is supported by the lamp-arms.
See 5, figs. 470-472.
Lamp-shade. A conical-shaped reflector placed over -a
lamp to reflect the light downward, or hide it from the
eyes of those near. See 2, figs. 471, 494.
.Lamp-stay. A horizontal bar of wood or metal by
which a car-lamp is held so as to prevent it from swing-
ing or shaking sideways, dee 1, fig. 470.
Lamp-vent. An opening, usually in the roof, through
which the gases and smoke from a lamp escape from a
car.
Lantern. A portable lamp, the flame or light in which is
protected from wind and rain by glass, usually in the
form of a globe. See figs. 500, 501. See
Conductor 's-lantern. Railroad-lantern.
Fresnel-lantern. Train-signal Lantern.
Tri-colored Lantern.
Latch. The primary sense of this word is — to catch, to
close, stop, or make fast ; hence, an attachment to a door,
■window, etc., to hold it open or shut, is called a latch.
The ordinary distinction between a latch and a lock is
that a lock is opened with a separate key, whereas a
latch has no separate key. See
Berth-latch. . Rim-latch.
Clear-story Window- Safety-grate Latch,
latch. Safety-strap Latch.
Cupboard-latch. Saloon Stop-latch.
Door-latch. Sliding-door Latch.
Lift-latch. Spring Door-latch.
Night-latch. Water-closet Latch.
Window-latch.
Lateral-motion. A movement sideways ; lateral-play ; end-
LAT
97
LEF
play. The term is generally applied to the side or swing
motion of a truck transversely to the track. See Swing-
motion.
Lateral-motion Spring. A spring which a.cts between the
end of a truck swing-bolster and the truck-frame to pre-
vent the former from swinging too freely. Usually, such
springs are of spiral form and are let into the end of the
truck-bolster. See 40, figs. 124, 126.
Lateral-motion Spring-pin. A pin in the centre of a
spiral lateral-motion spring which holds the latter in its
proper position. See 41, fig. 126.
Lateral-play. The side-motion of any part of a car or
machinery. The term is also used to designate the space
left to permit of such side-motion ; as, the difference in
length between a journal and its bearing, or the space
left between a swing-bolster and a truck-frame to allow
the bolster to swing sideways. See Lateral-motion. End-
play.
Lead-lined Journal-bearing. A journal-bearing which
has the surface which comes in contact with the axle
covered with a thin layer of lead. The object in using
a soft metal like lead is that it may fit. itself to the jour-
nal as soon as the bearing is subjected to wear. Such
bearings were patented by Mr. D. A. Hopkins, and are
often called Hopkins journal-bearings.
Lead-seal. A lead disc made with two holes, which pass
through the seal edgewise, in which the two ends of a
piece of twisted wire are inserted. The lead is then
pressed down on the wire with a seal press so that the wire
cannot be withdrawn without defacing the seal. See
figs. 539, 540.
Leakage-valve, for Westinghouse Car-brake. A small
valve placed between the triple-valve and the brake-cyl-
inder to prevent the leakage from the pipes from operat-
ing the triple-valve and thus applying the brakes. See
26, fig. 663 ; figs. 705, 737.
Leakage-valve Cap, for Westinghouse Car-brake. A
screw-plug which is screwed into the top of the chamber
which contains the leakage-valve. See 13, fig. 705.
Leakage-valve Case, for Westinghouse Car-brake. A
small hollow metal cylinder, the inside of which forms
a chamber which contains the leakage-valve plug. See
15, fig. 705.
Leakage-valve Plug, for Westinghouse Car-brake. A cyl-
indrical piece of metal which forms the moving part of
a leakage- valve. See 14, fig. 705.
Leather. See Piston-packing Leather. Packing-leather*
Piston-rod-packing Leather.
Leather Bell-cord. See Bell-cord.
Leather-seat. A Dust-guard Bearing, which see.
Ledge. See Window-ledge.
Left-chamber Cap, of Air-pump for Westinghouse-bralce^
LEF
LEV
A screw-plug "which is screwed into the top of a discharge
passage, over the lower discharge-valve, and ■which f ornis
a cover to the passage. See 30, fig. 665 ; fig. 693.
Left-hand Brace-pocket. A brace-pocket for a brace
which inclines from the bottom toward the left, when a
person on the outside is looking toward the car. If the
brace inclines toward the right it is called a right-hand
pocket. The same kind of pockets can be used at each
end of the same brace. A right-hand pocket is shown at
40, fig. 69. If the brace were on the other side of the
post and inclined the opposite way the pocket would be
left-hand.
Left-hand Seat. A car-seat with a stationary back in such
a position that the seat-end is on the left side of a per-
son sitting on the seat. In fig. 229, 123 is a right-hand
seat, and 123' a left-hand seat. In figs. 296-298, 26 is a
right-hand, and 26' a left-hand seat. See also figs. 406,
407.
Left-hand Seat-end. A seat-end which is on the left side
of a person sitting in a seat which has a stationary or
non-reversible back. See figs. 407, 409.
Leg-. See Seat-leg.
Lens. See Fresnel-lens.
Letter-board. A horizontal board under the cornice on the
outside of a passeager-car body, and extending its whole
length, on which the name or initials of the company to
which the car belongs, or other lettering, is usually
painted. Also called a frieze. The term frieze, how-
ever, applies more properly to the space between the cor-
nice and windows. See 91, figs. 215, 219, 225, 226 ; 46,
figs. 750, 752, 753.
Letter-box Plate. See Drop-letter-box Plate.
Lever. " In mechanics, a bar of metal, wood, or other sub-
stance, turning on a support called a fulcrum." — Web-
ster. See
Brake-lever. Floating-lever.
Centre Brake-lever. Hand-car Lever.
Cylinder-lever. Release-lever.
Door-shaft Lever. Roof-lever.
Eccentric-lever. Tripping-lever.
TJncoupling-lever.
Lever-casting. See Eccentric-lever Casting.
Lever-faucet. A self-closing faucet which is shut by a
spring and opened by the movement of a handle or lever.
Also called telegraph-faucet. See fig. 428.
Lever-frame, for Hand-car. A wooden frame, shaped
somewhat like a letter f^, on top of a hand-car, which
supports the lever-shaft and lever. See 17, 18, figs. 772-
775.
Lever-frame Cap, for Hand-car. A short horizontal piece
of timber, which forms the top member of a lever-frame
LEV
99
LEST
of a hand-car, and to which the lever journal-bearings
are fastened. See 18, figs. 772-775.
Lever-frame Post, for Hand-car. An inclined wooden
post which forms the upright member of a lever-frame
of a hand-car. See 17, figs. 772-775.
Lever-franie Tie-rod, for Hand-ear. A vertical rod by
which the lever-frame cap of a hand-car is bolted to the
floorrframe of the car. See 25, figs. 772, 773.
Lever-guide. See Brake-lever (Hiide.
Lever Hand-car. A hand-car which is worked by levers
connected to cranks. These levers are sometimes placed
horizontally, and sometimes they are vertical. See figs.
44,46.
Lever-handle, for Hand-car. A cylindrical wooden bar
attached to the levers of a hand-car to take hold of in
working the levers and propelling the car. See 20, figs.
772, 775.
Levsr-shaft, for Hand-car. A short iron shaft to which
the levers of a hand-car are attached and which forms a
fulcrum on which they work. See 21, figs. 772, 773.
Lever-shaft Bearings, for Hand-car. Cast-iron boxes or
clamps by which the lever-shaft of a hand-car is held in
its place and in which it works. See 22, figs. 772-775.
Lid. See Water-closet-seat Lid.
Lift. A finger-hold attached to windows and window-
blinds to take bold of in raising or lowering them. Seo
Double Window-blind
Lift.
Flush Window-lift.
Lower Window-blind
Lift.
Single Window-blind Lift,
Upper Window-blind
Lift.
Windoiv Bar-lift.
Window-blind Lift.
Window Lift.
Lift-latch. A lock, the latch of which is lifted by turning
the knob instead of sliding it. See figs. 529, 530.
Lift-latch Lock. "A lock in which the latch is pivoted
and lifted free of the keeper, passing through a notch in
the box instead of being simply retracted." — Knight.
Similar to figs. 529, 530.
Light. "A window ; a place that admits light to enter ; a
pane of glass." — Webster. See End Roof -light.
Lining. See Head-lining. Inside-lining.
Lining-strips. Wooden or metal strips put on the inside
of freight or baggage cars to protect the inside of the car
from being injured by freight or baggage. See 54, figs.
56, 58. Lining strips serve very rauch the same purpose
as inside-lining.
Link.. " A short connecting piece of circular or other
equivalent shape ; as one of the oval rings cr divisions of
a chain." — Knight.
A short bar with an eye at each end for connecting
two things together or for supporting one from another.
See
LIN
100
LON
Brake-block Suspending-
link.
Chain Coupling-link.
Coupling-link.
Crooked Coupling-link.
Draw-hook and" Link.
Eccentric-lever Link.
Fast Coupling-link.
Hanger-link.
Triple Coupling-link.
Link-hanger. A Swing-hanger, which see.
Lintel. See Door-lintel. Window-lintel.
Look. " In its primary sense, is anything that fastens, but
we now appropriate the word to an instrument composed
of springs, wards, and a bolt, used to fasten doors,
chests, and the like. The bolt is moved by a key." —
Webster. See
Barrel Seat-lock. Mortise-lock.
Berth-lock. Padlock.
Car-door Lock. Rabbeted-lock.
Dead-lock. Rim-lock.
Door-lock. Sash-lock.
Freight-car Lock. Seal-lock.
Fixed Freight-car Lock. Seat-lock.
Lift-latch Lock. Sliding-door Lock.
Spring Door-lock.
Lock-chain. A chain by which a padlock is fastened to a
car. See 76, .fig. 59.
Lock Eye-bolt. An eye-bolt used instead of a staple for a
lock.
Xock-seal. A piece of glass, lead, or paper, which forms
a seal for a lock, so that the latter cannot be opened
without its being known. The seal is so attached to the
lock that the latter cannot be opened, or its bolt with-
drawn, without defacing or destroying the seal.
Lodging-car. A passenger or box car fitted up with sleep-
ing-accommodations for men at work on the line of a
road.
Long Brake-rod. A rod on the Stevens-brake which con-
nects two levers, one on each truck, together. See 12,
fig. 643.
Long Seat-end. A vertical frame of wood or iron which
supports the end of the car-seat and also forms the arm or
seat-end. See 3, fig. 401. See also Short Seat-end.
Long Brake-shaft. A vertical brake-shaft which extends
up above the top of a car and has the brake-wheel on the
upper end, so that the brakes can be applied by a person
on the roof of the car. See 94, figs, 55, 84 ; 152, figs. 215,
217, 219, 223.
Longitudinal-seat. A seat which extends lengthwise of a
car. Such seats generally have their backs against the
sides of the car. See 34, figs. 750-752.
Longitudinal-step. A board which extends along the side
of an open car, or a car with doors on the side. The board
is used as a step in getting on or off the car, and also for
passing from one end of the car to the other. Shown in
fists. 39. 40.
LON
101
LOW
Longitudinal-step Bracket. A bar of iron which is bent
at right-angles and attached to the side of a car-body and
supports a longitudinal-step. Shown in figs. 39, 40.
Loose Berth-hinge. A berth-hinge the two parts of which
are detachable. See fig. 352. See Berth-hinge. Fast
Berth-hinge.
Loose-globe. A lamp-globe which can be readily removed
from a lamp. See fig. 475.
Loose-globe Lamp. A lamp or lantern in which the globe
is attached to the frame- by springs, screws, or catches,
so that it can be easily removed. See fig. 473.
Loose-joint Butt-hinge. A butt-hinge the two parts of
which are fastened together by a pin in such a way that
they can be readily detached or so that a door can be
lifted off its hinges when desired. See fig. 510. See also
Fast-joint Butt-hinge.
Loose-pin Butt-hinge. A butt-hinge the two parts of
which are fastened together by a pin which can be
readily lifted out and the two parts thus be detached.
See fig. 511.
Loughridge Air-brake. A system of continuous brakes,
invented and patented by Mr. Wm. Loughridgo, which is
operated by compressed air. The air is compressed by
an air-pump worked by an eccentric on one of the axles
of the engine and is stored up in a tank on the engine or
tender. When the brakes are applied, the compressed
air is conveyed from the tank by pipes connected to-
gether between the cars by flexible hose to cylinders
with pistons under each car, by means of which the press-
ure of the air is communicated to the brake-levers and
thence to the brake-shoes.
Lower Arch-bar. See Inverted Arch-bar.
Lower-berth. The bed nearest the floor in a sleeping-car.
See 1, figs. 296-298. See Berth.
Lower Brake-rod. A rod which • connects the two brake-
beams or levers on the same truck. When one brake-
lever only is used on each truck the rod is attached at one
end to the lever and at the other end to the opposite
brake-beam. When two levers are used, the rod is at-
tached to each lever. See 97, figs. 88-129 ; 5, figs. 637-
644 ; 14, figs. 660, 661.
Lower Brake-shaft-bearing. An eye or support near the
lower end of a vertical brake-shaft, on or against whicb
the latter revolves, and which is thereby held in its place.
The support for a brake-shaft at the lower end is
called a brake-shaft step. A lower bearing is above the
step. See 97, figs. 60, 61, 63 ; 155, figs. 215, 217 ; 124,
figs. 751, 753.
Lower-cap, of Triple-valve for Westinghov.se Car-brake. A
screw-plug which is screwed into the lower end of the
main cap of a triple-valve. The lower-cap closes the
LOW
102
LOW
chamber which contains the graduating-spring and f ornis
a bearing for the latter. See 9, figs. 704, 711.
Lower-chord. The lower outside member of a truss. See
14, figs. 805, 807, 808, 809. (The distinction between a
lower-chord and a truss-rod, in trusses like that repre-
sented in figs. 804, 806, is not very clear.)
Lower Corner-plate. A corner-plate attached to the out-
side of a car at the lower end of a corner-post, or to the
outside and end sills where they join each other. See
57, figs. 55, 59.
Lower Discharge-valve, of Air-pump for Westinghouse-
brake. A puppet-valve at the bottom of the air-pump,
through which the air below the piston escapes. See 33,
fig. 665 ; fig. 695.
Lower Door-panel. The panel next above the bottom-rail
of a door. See 10, fig. 502.
Lower Door-sash. The lower section or part of a door-
sash which is made in two parts. See 13, fig. 502.
Lower End-panel. The lowermost outside-panel on the
end of a street-car. See 30, fig. 753.
Lower Outside-panel. The lowermost panel in the outside
of a street -car. It is usually made concave. See 28, figs.
f50. 752.
Lower Seat-back Rail. A horizontal wooden strip which
forms the bottom rail of a seat-back. See 40, figs. 750,
752. See Tapper Seat-back Bail.
Lower Steam-valve, for Engine of Westinghouse-brake.
A small piston by which steam is admitted to and ex-
hausted from the lower end of the steam-cylinder of an
engine for a Westinghouse-brake. See 14', figs. 665,
677.
Lower Steam-valve Bushing, for Engine of Westing-
house-brake. A ring or hollow metal cylinder in which
the piston that forms the lower steam-valve works.
See 18, fig. 665 ; fig. 681.
Lower Swing-hanger Pivot. A pin, bolt, or bar, by
which a spring-plank is attached to the lower end of a
swing-hanger and on which it swings. See 48, figs.
108, 127.
Lower Wainscot-rail. A longitudinal wooden bar or rail
fastened to the posts on the inside of a passenger-car
immediately above the truss-plank, and extending from
one end of the car to the other. See 74, figs. 225, 226 ;
2, figs. 299-301.
Lower Window-blind. The lower section of a window-
blind which is made in two parts. See 140, figs. 215, 219,
222; 18, fig. 301.
Lower Window-blind Lift. A metal catch or finger-hold
attached to a lower window-blind for raising and lower-
ing it. The lifts for lower blinds differ from those for a
single-blind in having a lug or ledge which engages
with the upper blind when the lower one is raised up
LTJB
103
MAN
half-way, and thus the upper one is raised with the
lower one. See 26, fig. 301 ; fig. 323.
I/ubricant. A substance used for lubricating.
Lubricator. An instrument used for applying a lubricant.
See Automatic-lubricator.
Iitig-bolt. See Strap-bolt.
L-window-button. A catch shaped somewhat like a letter
L, and attached to a window-post for holding up a win-
dow. See fig. 307.
M
Machine-bolt. A bolt •with a metal thread cut on it and
with a square or hexagonal head. See figs. 776, 777.
Mail-car. A car for carrying mails. See fig. 6. Such cars
are used only for carrying mail-bags and are not used for
distributing mail-matter. Distributing mail-cars are
called Post-office Cars, which see, See also Combined
Baggage and Express or Mail Car.
Mail-car Lamp. See Post-office-car Lamp.
Mail-catcher. A contrivance consisting of a bent iron bar,
attached to the door of a mail or post-office car, for tak-
ing up or " catching " mail-bags while the train is in mo-
tion. See figs. 5, 250.
Main-cap of Triple-valve, for Westinghouse-brake. A
screw-plug which is screwed into the lower end of the
cylinder or chamber -which contains the triple-valve-pis-
ton. See 6, fig. 704 ; fig. 708.
Main-carline. A carline which is made stronger than the
ordinary carlines so as to support the roof of a freight-
car and tie the two plates together. See 82, figs. 61, 64.
Main-rafter. A Main-carline, which see.
Main-reservoir, of Westinghouse-brake. A cylindrical
vessel or tank made of boiler-plate and usually carried
on a. locomotive to hold a supply of compressed-air for
operating the brakes. See 1, figs. C55-657.
Male Centre-plate. The body and truck centre-plates are
sometimes called male and female. See Body Centre-
plate. Truck Centre-plate.
Malleable Brake-shoe. A brake-shoe made of cast-iron
and then annealed so as to give it some of the properties
of wrought- iron.
Man-hcle. An opening in a boiler or tank through which
a man can creep to the inside. The tanks for tank-cars
always have man-holes on top. See 110, figs. 73, 76.
Man-hole Cover. A plate or lid to close a man-hole. See
111, figs. 73-76.
Man-hole Cover-chain. A chain with which a man-hole
cover is fastened to a tank to prevent it from falling off
the tank when the man-hole is opened.
Man-hole Hinge. A hinge by which a man-hole cover is
attached to a man-hole ring. See 113, figs. 73. 74.
MAN
104
MET
Man-hole Ring. A nietal ring riveted around a man-hole,
and which forms a seat for the cover. See 112, figs.
73-76.
Man-killers. Dead-blocks, -which see.
Master Car-builders' Standard-axle. This term is used
to designate the form and dimensions for car-axles recom-
mended by the Master Car-builders' Association in 1873.
These are given in fig. 143.
blaster Car-builders' Standard Journal-bearing. A form
and size for journal-bearings recommended by the Master
Car-builders' Association. Its dimensions are given in a
lithogranh published by that Association. See 7, figs.
138, 139 ; fig. 141.
Master Car-builders' Standard Journal-bearing Key. A
form and size for journal-bearing keys recommended by
the Master Car-builders' Association. Its dimensions are
given in a lithograph published by that Association. See
8, figs. 138, 139 ; fig. 142.
Master Car-builders' Standard Journal-box. A form and
size for journal-boxes recommended by the Master Car-
Builders' Association. It is represented in a lithograph
published by the Association. See 10, 10, figs. 138, 139 ;
fig. 140.
Master Car-builders' Standard Pedestal. A form and
size for pedestals recommended by the Master Car-Build-
ers' Association. Its dimensions are represented in a
lithograph published by the Association. See IS, figs.
138, 139.
Master-key. "A key which commands many locks of a
certain set, the keys of which are not interchangeable
among themselves. "While neither one of a series of keys
may suffice to open any lock, besides the one for which it
is constructed, a master-key is one which may operate
any one of the set." — Knight.
Mat. See Floor-mat. Wooden Floor-mat.
Match-lighter. A Mateh-striker, which see.
Match-plate. A Match-striker, which see.
Match-striker. A metal plate with a rough surface, or a
piece of sand-paper, for rubbing matches on. See fig. 432.
Match-striker Frame. A metal frame for holding a piece
of sand-paper on which matches are lighted. See fig.
433.
Melon-shaped Lamp-globe. A glass or porcelain globe
shaped like a melon. See fig. 488.
Member. See Compression-member. Tension-member.
Metal Screw-thread. A form of screw-thread used when
both the male and female screws are made of metal.
Metal threads are made oi the same size as the spaces be-
tween them, whereas the spaces between wood screw-
threads are made wider than the projections. Metal
threads are shown in figs. 776-778, 794-798. See also
Sellers System of Screw-threads.
MET
105
MOB
Metal-seal. See Car-seal. Lead-seal.
Middle Corner-plate. An outside comer-plate attached to
a corner-nost of a freight-car about half-way between its
upper and lower ends. See 56, figs. 55, 59.
Middle Door-paneL A panel near the middle of a door.
See 11, fig. 502.
Middle Door-rail. A horizontal piece or bar of wood in-
termediate between the top and bottom rails of a door.
See 148, figs. 218, 222, 223, 230 ; 6, fig. 502 ; 81, fig. 753.
Middle of Axle. The portion of a car-axle between the
hubs of the wheels. See 1, fig. 143. See Car-axle.
Middle Safety-beam. A safety-beam which is intended to
hold the centre-axle of a six-wheeled truck in case it
should break. It is attached to the two transoms. See
52, fig. 129.
Middle-transoms, for Six-wheeled Trucks. The two cross-
pieces of a six-wheeled truck-frame nearest its centre.
These are sometimes made of iron to allow the two
swinging spring-beams to be connected to each other b}-
the bolster-bridge. See 21, fig. 129.
Milk-car. A car for carrying milk in Cans. Such cars are
usually built with end-platforms, similar to baggage-cars,
and are provided with the same kind of springs as passen-
ger-cars. See fig. 17.
Miller Car-coupler. An arrangement for coupling cars au-
tomatically, used with the Miller platform It
consists of two heavy iron hooks, which act as draw-bars
and which are made to engage with each other by two
springs when the cars come together. See figs. 282-289.
Miller-platform. A platform for passenger-cars designed
and patented by Mr. E. Miller, and arranged so that the
line of draft and the compressive strains on the car are
in a direct line with the sills of the car. See figs. 282-289.
Mine-car. A small car used for carrying minerals in coal,
iron, or other mines. Such cars usually have four wheels.
See fig. 30.
Mirror. A looking-glass.
Mirror-frame. A frame for holding the glass of a mirror.
Mirror-frame Spring1. See Mirror-sash Holder.
Mirror-plate. A looking-glass without a frame. When
such glasses are used to form a panel in the side of a car
they are generally set without a frame.
Mirror-sash. A frame of a mirror which covers a lamp-
alcove in the side of a car. The frame is made to slide up
and down like a window-sash. See fig. 375.
Mirror-sash Holder. A spring for holding up a mirror-
frame when the latter is arranged .as a sliding panel in
the side of a car. See fig. 376.
Monitor-top. A Clear-story, which see.
Mortise-lock. " A lock adapted to be inserted into a mor-
tise in the edge of a door, so as only to expose the selv-
age or edge-plate." — Knight. See fig. 525.
MOT
106
NAR
Motion. See Lateral-motion. Swing-motion.
Mould. See Chill-mould.
Moulding'. "A mode of ornamentation by grooved or
swelling bands or forms, following the line of the ob-
ject."— Knight.
A strip of wood which forms an ornamental band,
"following the line of the object," as of a cornice, a
window, or door. See
Clear-story Eaves-mould- Seat-back Moulding.
ing. Window Cove-moulding.
Eaves-moulding. Windoiv-moidding.
Platform-hood Moulding. Window-sill Moulding.
Moulding-joint Cover. A piece of wood, metal, or other
material usually made in some ornamental design for
covering the joints of two pieces of moulding. See
Window-moulding-joint Cover.
Movable Foot-rest. Two horizontal wooden bars under-
neath a car-seat, and attached to two iron bars which are
pivoted in the centre so that one of the former can be ad-
justed to a comfortable position for the passengers occu-
pying the next seat, or be moved out of the way, if de-
sired. See 8, fig. 400.
Muley-axle. An axle without collars on the outer ends of
the journals. See fig. 144.
Mullion. A slender bar between panes of glass or panel
work. See
Door-mullion. Windoiv-blind Mullion.
Door-unndow Midlion. Window-mullion.
Muntin. A corruption of the word mullion.
N
Nail. " A small pointed piece of metal, usually with a
head, to be driven into a board or other piece of timber,
and serving to fasten it to other timber." — Webster. See
Clinch-nail. Head-lining Nail.
Name-panel. A panel, usually of a circular or elliptical
form, on the outside of a passenger-car body below the
windows, on which the name or number of the car is
usually painted. See 72, fig. 219.
Name-panel Frame. A wooden moulding which incloses-
a panel on the centre and outside of a passenger-car body
below the windows. The panel usually contains the num-
ber or name of the car, and is commonly of an oval or
circular form. See 73, fig. 219.
Name-plate. A metal plate with the name of a person or
thing on it, as of the maker or patentee of a car or part of
a car, the name of a railroad, etc. See Door Name-plate.
Narrow-gauge. The distance between the heads of the
rails of a railroad when it is less than 4 ft. 8% in. See
Gauge.
NAR
107
OIL
harrow-tread Wheel. A wheel with the ordinary width
of tread, which is usually about 5 inches.
Neck Door-bolt. A door-bolt made with an off-set or bend
as shown in fig. 515.
Neck of Axle. The portion of a car-axle just inside of the
hub of the wheel See 2, fig. 143.
Needle-beam. A Cross-frame Tie-timber, which see.
Nest-spring. A spiral spring with one or more coils of
springs inside of it. See figs. 190, 193, 195, 198, 199. Also
see
Double-coil Nest-spring. Quadruple-coil Nest-
Equal-bar Nest-spring. spring.
Triple-coil Nest-spring.
Netting. See Basket-rack Netting.
Night-latch. A spring door-lock which requires a key to
be opened from the outside, but which can be opened from
the inside without one. See fig. 527. Also called a
spring door-lock.
Nipple. A short wrought-iron pipe with a screw-thread
cut on the outside of each end. It is used for connecting
pipe-fittings, such as couplings, tees, etc. , of wrought-iron
pipes together or with some other object, as a tank, a
heater, etc. See fig. 622. See Auxiliary-reservoir Nip-
ple. Brake-hose Nipple.
Nosing, of a Lock. A Keeper, which see.
Nosing, of a stairs. The part of a tread-board which pro-
jects beyond the riser. See 2, fig. 244.
Notice-plate. A plate placed on a door or other part of a
passenger-car with a notice of some kind to passengers
inscribed thereon. See fig. 503.
Nozzie. See Tank-nozzle.
Number. See Berth-number.
Nut. ' ' A small block of metal or wood containing a con-
cave or female screw." — Webster. See 1, figs. 776-778.
See
Eccentric-lever Nut. Piston-rod ihit.
Packing-nut. P.sion-rod-packing Nut.
Release-rod Nut.
o
Oil-box. A Journal-box, which see.
Oil-car. A car made especially for the transportation of
mineral oil. Some cars intended for this purpose are
made with large tanks for receiving the oil in bulk ;
others are made for carrying barrels of oil. See Tank-
car, figs. 22, 73-76.
Oil-cellar. A cavity in the lower part of a journal-box for
collecting the oil and dirt which runs off the axle at the
dust-guard. See 28, fig. 151. The oil-cellar is below the
space occupied by the axle-packing.
Oil-cup, for Air-cylinder of Westinghouse-brake. A small
ONE
108
OUT
metal cup attached to an air-pump to hold oil for lubri-
cating an air-piston. See fig. 739.
One-horse Street-car. A street-car which is drawn by one
horse. See fig. 41. See Bob-tail Street-car.
Open-door Stop. A block of iron or wood fastened to the
side of a freight-car to prevent a sliding-door from sliding
too far when it is opened. See 71, figs. 55, 60, 69.
Opener. That which opens. See Clear-story Window-
opener. Ventilator-opener. Window-opener.
Open-mouth Draw-bar. A draw-bar with a head which is
open on the sides.
Open Plate-wheel. A fight cast-iron single-plate wheel,
for street-cars, with openings cast in the plate between
the ribs, as shown in figs. 172 and 173.
Open Return-bend. A short cast-iron tube made of a ^J-
shape for uniting two wrought-iron pipes. The pipes are
screwed into the casting. It differs from a close return-
bend in having the arms separated from each other, See
fig. 618.
Ore-car. A car made especially for carrying iron or other
ores. Ordinary gondola cars, which are sometimes lined
with sheet- iron, and drop- bottom and tip cars are also
used for this purpose.
Ornament. See Corner-post Ornament.
Outer-hung Brake. When the brake-shoes and beams are
attached to the outside of the wheels of a truck or four-
wheeled car it is called an outer-hung brake. When the
shoes and beams are between the wheels it is an inner-
hung brake. Figs. 637, 638, 640-644 represent outer-hung
brakes.
Outside Body-truss-rod. When two or more truss-rods
are used under each side of a car-body, those farthest
from the centre are called outside body-truss-rods.
Outside-casing, for Baker Car-heater. The outside shell
or covering for a Baker heater. It is made of Russia
iron, and bent and riveted into the form of a f rustrum of
a cone. See 6, figs, 581, 587.
Outside End-piece, of Truck-frame. The cross-piece of a
wooden truck-frame next to the end of the car.
Outside-paneL A panel in the outside of a passenger or
street-car under the windows. Those between the win-
dows are called outside window-panels. See 67, figs.
215, 219, 228 ; 27, figs. 750, 752. Also see Lou-er Outside-
panel.
Outside Top-plate, for Spear Heater. A cast-iron plate
which forms the top of the outside casing of a Spear
heater. See 10, figs. 550-554 ; fig. 557.
Outside-transoms, for Six-wheeled Truck. The two tran-
soms farthest from the centre of the truck. See 22, fig.
129.
Outside Wheel-piece Plate. An iron plate fastened to the
OUT
109
PAI
outside of a wheel-piece to strengthen it. See 11, figs.
128. 129.
Outside 'Wiridow-panel. A panel on the outside of a
passenger-car between the windows. See 68, figs. 215,
219, 226.
Outside Window-sill. A horizontal piece of wood or iron
under a window on the outside of a car and on which the
sash rests. • See 77, figs. 225, 226.
Outside Window-stop. A wooden strip attached to a
•window post on the outside of a window-sash to hold the
latter in its place. See 84, figs. 225; 51, figs. 750, 752.
Oval Coupling-pin. A Flat Coupling-pin, which see.
Over-hung Door. A sliding-door which is hung from or
supported on a rail above the door. The door in figs. 60
and G9 is over-hung. If the door is supported by a rail
below it is called an under-hung door.
Packing. Joiirnatpacking, which see.
Packing-expander. A spring or other contrivance for
spreading out the packing of a piston or valve so as to
make them fit air-tight. See Brake-hose-coupling Pack-
ing-expander.
Packing-gland. See Piston-rod Packing-gland.
.Packing-leather. A dust-guard is sometimes called a
packing-leather. See Piston-packing Leather. Piston-
rod Packing-leather.
Packing-nut. See Piston-rod Packing-nut for Westing-
house-brake.
Packing-ring. See Piston-packing Ring. Rubber Pack-
ing-ring.
Packing-ring, of Clutch-coupling of Westinghouse-brake.
An india-rubber ring in a coupling-case which forms a
seat for a coupling-valve, and also makes a tight joint
between the two parts of the coupling. See 8, figs. 715,
722.
Packing-ring Washer, for Clutch-coupling of Westing-
house-brake. A circular metal ring or washer which
rests on the packing-ring of a clutch-coupling and which
forms a bearing for the projections on the coupxing-cap
by which the packing-ring is held in place. Seo 7, figs.
715, 721.
Padlock. A lock having a semi-circular link jointed at
one end so that it can be opened, the other end of the
link being fastened by a bolt. Such locks are used to
secure a hasp or the like on a staple or similar device by
passing the link through the staple. See fig. 536. See
Dead Padlock. Spring Padlock.
Pair of Trucks. A pair of trucks means two truck-
frames, each with two or more pairs of 'wheels, etc.,
complete for an entire car, and does not mean one
PAI
110
PAR
truck-frame "with wheels and axles for one end of a car
only.
Pair of Wheels. This term is used to designate two car
wheels fitted on one axle. Two pairs of wheels means
two axles, with two wheels fitted to each of them.
Palace-Car. An extravagant term used to designate a car
which is fitted up with more than the ordinary amount
of ornament and elaborate finish and furniture. The
term is applied to sleeping as well as day cars. See figs.
1, .2, 3.
Pan. See Water Alcove-pan. lee-pan.
Panel. 1. A board inserted in the space left between the
stiles and rails of a frame or between mouldings. Some-
times metal plates are used for this purpose.
2. The space between two vertical posts or braces and
the two chords of a truss. The distance a, b, figs. 808,
809 is a panel. See
Clear-story End-panel. Inside Frieze-panel.
Clear-story Side-panel. Inside Window-panel.
Door-case Panel. Lower End-panel.
Door-case Seat-panel. Lower Outside-paneZ.
Door-case Top-panel. Middle Door-panel.
Door-panel. Name-panel.
End-pianel. Outside-panel.
End Seat-panel. Outside Window-panel.
End Windovi-panel. Twin Door-panels.
Upper Door-panel. Ventilator-panel.
Upper End-panel. Wainscot-panel.
Window-panel.
Panel-furring. Horizontal bars or strips of wood between
the posts of a passenger-car, and to which the outside
panels are nailed. When a strip is made continuous and
extends from one end of the car to the other, and is
notched into the posts, it is called a panel-rp.il. See 59,
figs. 215, 218, 221, 226 ; 33, fig. 752. See Window-panel
Furring.
Panel-frame. See Name-panel Frame.
Panel-lamp. An Alcove-lamp, which see.
Panel-rail A long wooden bar which extends the whole
leiigth of a passenger-car body on the outside, and is
notched into the posts under the windows, and to which
the panels are nailed. See 66, figs 215, 218, 221, 225, 226,
Panel-strip. A narrow piece of wood or metal with whicii
the joint between two panels, or a panel and a post, on.
the outside of a car, is covered. See 69, figs. 215, 219,
228 ; 33, fig. 750.
Paper-wheel. A car-wheel with a steel tire and a centre
formed of compressed paper held between two plate-iron
discs, as shown in fig. 176, which represents a section of
a paper-wheel. The part 6, 6, is made of compressed
paper.
Paragon Spiral-spring. A spiral car-spring made of a
PAR
111
PEB
bar of metal whose section resembles a figure 8, which
is wound on a mandrel edgewise to form the coil. See
figs. 203, 204.
Parallel Brake-hanger. Abar or link attached to a brake-
beam so as to cause the latter and the brake-head and
shoe to maintain the same relative positions when the
brakes are released. The object of this is to prevent the
upper end of the brake-shoes from coming in contact
with the wheel when the brakes are released. See 15,
figs. 629-631.
Parallel Brake-hanger Carrier. A bar which is attached
to the truck-frame and has an eye or other device by
means of which a parallel brake-hanger is suspended or
attached to the truck-frame, See 16, figs. 629, 630.
Parallel Brake-hanger Eye. A bar or bolt by which the
lower end of a parallel brake-lianger is attached to a
brake-beam. See 17, figs. 629-631.
Parting-raiL A rail between the bottom and middle or
middle and top rails of a door or partition. See 7, fig.
502.
Parting-strip. A long thin piece of wood which acts as a
distance-piece between two objects, as a window and
a •window-blind. See Sash Parting-strip.
Passenger-car. A railroad-car used for carrying passen-
gers. Such cars are fitted with seats, windows, and
other conveniences for the accommodation of passengers.
See fig. 4.
Passenger-car Truck. A truck for carrying a passenger-
car body. Such trucks are made so as to give the car an
easy and agreeable motion. They have two sets of springs,
one under the truck-bolster between the two truck-frames,
and the others attached to the outside truck-frames,
and have swing-motion bolsters. Figs. 115-129 are illus-
trations of different kinds of passenger-car trucks.
Pawl. "A pivoted bar adapted to fall into the notches or
teeth of a wheel as it rotates in one direction, and to re-
strain it from back-motion. Used in windlasses, cap-
stans, and similar machinery.1' — Knight. See
Brake-pawl. Jointed Top-pawl.
Jointed Side-pawl. Side-pawl.
Pawl, for Ratchet-wheel of Winding-shaft. A latch which
secures the ratchet-wheel of a winding-shaft from turn-
ing. See 131, fig. 77.'
Pear-shaped Lamp-globe. A glass or porcelain lamp-
globe shaped like a pear, See fig. 490.
Pedestal. A casting of somewhat the form of an inverted
letter (\ bolted to a truck-frame, and which holds the
journal-box in its place and allows it to have a vertical
movement. See 5, figs. 88-94, 115-129 ; 18, figs. 138,
139. See Equalizing-bar Pedestal. Master Car-builders'
Standard-pedestal. The two projections of a pedestal
FED
113
PIN
are called pedestal-lwrns, and the space between them a
jaw. In Great Britain, pedestals are called horn-plates,
and are there made of wrought -iron.
Pedestal-box. A Journal-box, which see.
Pedestal-brace. A diagonal bar or rod bolted by one end
to the lower end of a pedestal, and at the upper end to
the truck-frame, its object being to hold or strengthen
the pedestal. See 8, figs. 77-79 ; figs. 118-125, 128, 129.
Pedestal Brace-tie-bar. An iron bar or rod bolted to the
bottom of two or more pedestals on the same side of a
truck, and extending upward from the end pedestals to
the truck or car frame, and thus forming a brace. It is
& pedestal-brace and apedestal tie-bar combined in one
piece. See 166, fig. 77 ; 8', fig. 127.
Pedestal-horns. The projecting parts of a pedestal be-
tween which the journal-box works. See 100, fig. 131;
19, fig. 139.
Pedestal-jaw. The opening in a pedestal between the
horns, which receives a journal-box. See 101, fig. 131.
Pedestal Stay-rod. A transverse rod attached to the
pedestal tie-bar on each side of a truck so as to prevent
the lower ends of the pedestals from spreading apart.
See 167, figs. 77-84 ; 7, figs. 122-126, 128, 129.
Pedestal Tie-bar. An iron bar or rod bolted to the bot-
tom of two or more pedestals on the same side of a truck
or car, thus holding or tieing them together. See 163
fig. 82 ; 6, figs. 88-137.
Pedestal-timber. A longitudinal timber sometimes used
on four-wheeled cars, which is placed under the floor or
alongside the sill and to which the pedestals are bolted.
See 169, figs. S2-84. This term is also used to designate
the Wlieelpiece of trucks, which see.
Perforated Smoke-pipe Casing'. An outside pipe which
incloses a smoke-pipe of a stove. The casing is per-
forated with holes through which the air circulates and
thus comes in contact with the pipe. The casing also
protects the wood-work of the car from the heat of the
pipe. See 9, fig. 553.
Perforated-veneer Seat. A seat made of several thin
boards glued together, so that the grain of the various
pieces runs in different directions and perforated with
holes. See fig. 402.
Piece. See
Centre-piece. End-piece.
Distance-piece. Wlieel-pieee.
Pillar. 1. " A kind of irregular column.
2. "A supporter ; that which sustains or upholds ; that
on which some superstructure rests." — Webster. See
Transom-pillar.
Pin. "A peg or bolt of wood or metal having many
uses."' — Knight. See
PIN 113
PIP
Brake-block Pin. Flat Coupling-pin.
Centre-pin. Journal-box-cover Hinge-
Ooupling-pin. pin.
Door-pin. Lateral-motion Spring-
Eye-liead Coupling-pin. pin.
Fast Coupling-pin. Solid-head Coupling-pin.
Pinion, for Handcar. The smaller cog-wheel for a hand-
car which is attached to the axle of the car, and into
which the larger wheel on the crank-shaft gears. See 4,
figs. 773-774.
Pipe. " A tube for conveyance of water, air, or other
fluids." — Knight. See
Brake-cylinder Pipe. Hot-air Pipe.
Brake-pipe. Smoke-pipe.
Cold-air Pipe. Steam-pipe.
Conductors' -valve Dis- Stove-pipe,
charge-pipe. Supply-pipe.
Conductors' -valve Pipe. Triple-valve Branch-pipe.
Discharge-pipe. Waste-pipe.
Exhaust-pipe. Water-drip Pipe.
some couplings the thread at one end is right hand and
the other left hand, but generally they are both right-
hand threads. See fig. 623. Also see Reducing Pipe-
coupling.
Pipe-reducer. A Reducing Pipe-coupling, which see. See
also Bushing for Pipes.
Pipe Screw-threads. Screw-threads used for connecting
wrought-iron pipes together. Such screws are cut " ta-
pered ;" that is, the end of the pipe, or the inside of the
coupling where the thread is cut, forms part of a cone,
so that in screwing up the pipe a tight joint can be
made. Pipe-threads are of a V-shaPe> sharp at the top
and bottom, and their sides stand at an angle of 60° to
each other. The following is the number of threads per
inch for pipes of different sizes. The size given is the
diameter of the inside of the pipe.
AMERICAN STANDARD SYSTEM OF PIPE-THREADS.
Size of pipe.
No. ofthreads
per in.
Size of pipe.
No. of threads
per in.
Guard-pipe. Urinal-drip Pipe.
Urinal Ventilating-pipe.
Pipe-coupling. A short cast-iron tube with a thread cut on
the inside at each end, and which is screwed on the ends
of two pipes and used for uniting them together, or unit-
ing one pipe with another object, as a cock or valve. In
a "
9i"
27
18
18
14
14
1 "
VA in.
lii "
2 "
2<4 to S in.
life
8
Pipe-stay, for Creamer-brake. A cast-iron eye or plate
PIP
114
PIS
by which the guard-pipe is fastened to the hand-rail.
See 16, fig. 646.
Pipe-strap. An iron band for fastening a pipe against or
to some other object. See Single Pipe-strap. Double
Pipe-strap. See figs. 615, 616.
Pipe-support, for Baker Heater. A cast-iron stand screwed
to the floor of a car, and with a receptacle at the top to
receive and hold a pipe. See fig. 612.
Pipe-turnbuckle. A short tube with a right-hand screw
on the inside at one end and a left-hand screw on the
other end. The ends of two rods are screwed into the
ends of the turnbuckle. Similar to fig. 791.
Piston. An arrangement consisting usually of a metal
disc with packing, etc., made so as to fit air-tight and
work back and forth in a cylinder. See 7 and 8, fig. 665.
The metal disc is called a piston-head. See
Air-piston. Steam-piston.
Reversing-piston. Triple-valve Piston.
Piston, for Westinghouse Car-brake. See 3, fig. 730.
Piston, for Westinghouse Driving-wheel Brake. See 3,
fig. 749.
Piston, for Westinghouse Tender-brake. See 3, fig. 728.
Piston Follower-bolt. A bolt used to fasten a piston fol-
lower-plate to a piston-head. See 11, fig. 730.
Piston Follower-bolt, for Westinghouse Car-brake. See
11, fig. 730.
Piston Follower-bolt, for Westinghouse Driving-wlieel
Brake. See 10, fig. 749.
Piston Follower-bolt, for Westinghouse Tender-brake.
See 9, fig. 728.
Piston Follower-plat?. A meta. plate oolted to the front
side of a piston to hold the packing in its place. See 8,
fig. 730.
Piston Follower-plate, for Westinghouse Car-brake. See
8, fig. 730.
Piston Follower-plate, for Westinghouse Driving-wheel
Brake. See 7, fig. 749.
Piston Follower-plate, for Westinghouse Tender-brake.
See 7, fig. 728.
Piston-head. A metal disc attached to a piston-rod and
which forms the main portion of a piston. See 3', fig.
730. See Air Piston-liead. Steam Piston-head.
Piston-head, for Lower Steam-valve for Engine of West-
inghouse-brake. See 14', fig. 677.
Piston-head, for Upper Steam-valve for Engine of West-
inghouse-brake. See 14, fig. 677.
Piston-head, for Westinghouse Car-brake. See 3', fig. 730.
Piston-head, for Westinghouse Driving-wheel Brake. See
3', fig. 749.
Piston-head, for Westinghouse Tender-brake. See 3', fig.
728.
. Piston-packing Expander. A steel spring made of a rod
PIS
115
PIS
of round steel bent into a circular form and placed in-
side of the piston packing-leather so as to expand it and
keep the piston tight. See 10, fig. 730.
Piston-packing Expander, for Westinghouse Car-brake.
See 10, fig. 730.
Piston-packing Expander, for Westinghouse Driving-
wheel Brake. See 9, fig. 749.
Piston-packing Expander, for Westinghouse Tender-
brake. See 10, fig. 728.
Piston Packing-leather, for Westinghouse Car-brake. A
circular piece or ring of leather which is pressed into
the cylinder so that a section of one side of the ring is of
an L-shape, and which is attached to and surrounds the
piston and bears against the inside surface of the cylin-
der so as to make the former work air-tight in the latter.
See 9, fig. 730.
Piston Packing-leather, for Westinghouse Driving-wheel
brake. See 8, fig. 749.
Piston Packing-leather, for Westinghouse Tender-brake.
See 8, fig. 728.
Piston Packing-ring. A circular metal ring of rectangular
section which is placed in grooves in the edge of a piston-
head to make it work air-tight in its cylinder. The rings
are cut in two diagonally at one point so that they may be
sprung apart, or, if compressed, will spring open. See
figs. 673, 678.
Piston Packing-ring, for Air-piston of Westingliouse-
brake. See 9', figs. 665 ; fig. 673.
Piston Packing-ring, for Lower Steam-valve for Engine of
Westinghouse-brake. See 16, figs. 665, 677 ; fig. 679.
Piston Packing-ring, for Piston of Triple-valve for West-
inghouse-brake. See 11, fig. 704 ; fig. 713.
Piston Packing-ring, for Reversing-piston of Engine for
Westinghouse-brake. See 21, fig. 665, 683 ; fig. 684.
Piston Packing-ring, for Steam-jriston of Westinghouse-
brake. See 9, fig. 665.
Piston Packing-ring, for Upper Steam-valve for Engine
of Westinghouse-brake. See 15, figs. 665, 677 ; fig. 678.
Piston-rod, for Engine and Air-pump of Westinghouse-
brake. A rod to which the piston in the steam-cylinder
and the piston in the air-cylinder of an engine and
air-pump of a Westinghouse-brake are attached. The
force exerted by the steam on the piston in the steam-
cylinder is transmitted to the piston in the air-cylinder
by the rod. See 7", figs. 665, 671.
Pistcn-rod, for Westinghouse Car-brake. A rod to which
the piston of a car-brake cylinder is attached, and by
which the power exerted against the piston is trans-
mitted to the cylinder-levers. See 3", fig. 730.
Piston-rod, for Westinghouse Driving-wheel Brake. See 8"
figs, 747, 749.
PIS
116
PLA
Piston-rod, for Westinghouse Tender-brake. See 3", fig.
728.
Piston-rod Nut, for Air-pump of Westinghouse-brake. A
screw-nut on the lower end of the piston-rod and which
holds the air-piston on the rod. See 25, fig. 665.
Piston-rod Packing-gland, for Engine and Air-Pump of
Westinghouse-brake. A nietal ring which encircles the
piston-rod, and which is forced into the stuffing-box and
against the packing, which is thus compressed by the
packing-nut. See 28, fig. 665.
Piston-rod Packing-leather, for Westinghouse Driving-
wheel-brake. A circular piece or ring of leather which is
pressed or moulded so that a section of one side of the
ring is of an L -shape, and which surrounds the piston-rod
and is attached to the lower cylinder-head by a nut. The
leather bears against the piston-rod and thus makes an
ah- -tight joint through which the rod works. See 12,
fig. 749.
Piston-rod Packing-nut, for Engine and Air-pump of
Westinghouse-brake. A nut which screws on the stuff-
ing-box of the piston-rod and by which the packing is
compressed around rhe piston-rod so as to make a steam-
tight joint in which the rod works. See 27, fig. 665 ;
fig. 689.
Piston-rod Packing-nut, for Westinghouse Driving-wheel
Brake. A nut which is used for holding the piston-rod
packing-leather in its place, which thus makes an air-
tight joint in which the piston-rod works. See 11, figs.
747, 749.
Piston-sleeve, for Westinghouse Tender-brake. A hollow
casting resembling a tube which is attached to the end
of the piston-rod. See 6, figs. 727, 728.
Pit. See Ash-pit.
Pitching-roof. A roof formed of one or more inclined
plane surfaces. The term is used to distinguish a roof
formed of plane surfaces from one formed of curved or
arched surfaces. See figs. 63, 64, 65, 71, 72.
Pivot. " A pin or short shaft on which anything turns."
— Webster. See
Clear-story Window- Upper-berth-rest Pivot.
pivot. Ventilator-pivot.
Lower Swing-hanger Window-pivot.
Pivot. Upper Swing-hanger
Seat-back Arm-pivot. Pivot.
Pivot-plate. See Seat-back-arm Pivot-plate. Window
Pivot-plate. Ventilator Pivot-plate.
Plank " A broad piece of sawed timber, differing from a
board only in being thicker. In America, broad pieces
of sawed timber, which are net more than an inch or an
inch and a quarter thick are called boards ; like pieces
from an inch and a half to three or four inches thick are
called planks."' — Webster. See
PLA
117 PLA
Framed Spring-plank.
Swing Spring-plank.
Door-shaft Crank-plate.
OutsideWlieel-piece Plate.
Spring-plank.
Truss-plank.
Draw-bar Cliafing-plate.
Piston Follower-plate.
Plank Car-roo£ A roof made of a single layer of planks
Draw-bar Face-plate.
Pivot-plate.
■which are tongued and grooved, and extend from the
Draw-bar Follower-plate.
Itevei •sing-valve Plate.
comb of the roof to the eaves.
The joints of the planks
Draw-bar Friction-plate.
Seat-back-arm Pivot-
are covered with sheet metal.
Drop-letter-box Plate.
plate.
Plastered-lamp. A lamp with a
fixed globe which is f ast-
End-plate.
Seat-back-arm Plate.
ened to a lamp-frame with plaster of Paris.
Face-plate.
Seat-leg Plate.
Plate. 1. " Apiece of metal, flat or extended in breadth.
Flag-holder Plate.
Sliding-door-latch Plate.
2. "In architecture, the piece of timber which sup-
Follower-plate.
Stop-plate.
ports the ends of the rafters. "-
-Webster.
Friction-plate.
Striker-plate.
3. In car-building, a horizontal piece of timber on to p
Frieze ventilator Plate.
Suspending -plate.
of the posts of a car-body, to which they are attached,
Inscription plate.
Table-hook Plate.
and on which the roof carlines
or rafters rest. See 46,
Inside Top-plate.
Table-leg-hook Plate.
figs. 55-S4 ; 93, figs. 215, 218, 221, 222, 225, 226 ; 47, figs.
Inside Wheel-piece Plate.
Threshold-plate.
750, 752. See
Inverted Truss-rod-plate.
Tie-plate.
Base-plate.
Buffer-plate.
Keyhole Plate.
Transom Chafing-plate.
Berth-latch Face-plate.
Centre-plate.
King-bolt Plate.
Truck-bolster Chafing-
Body-bolster Truss-plate.
Cliafing-plate.
Letter-box Plate.
plate.
Body Centre-plate.
Clear-story Plate.
Lower Comer-plate.
Truck Centre-plate.
Bogus-plate.
Corner-plate.
Male Centre-plate.
Uncoupling-lever Plate.
Bolster-plates.
Coupling-pin Chafing-
Match-plate.
Uncoupling-lever Trun-
Bottom Stove-plate.
plate.
Mirror-plate.
nion-plate.
Brake-block Suspending-
Coupling-pin Plate. .
Name-plate.
Upper Corner-plate.
plate.
Bead-block Face-plate.
Notice-plate.
Ventilator-pivot Plate.
Buffer-block Face-plate.
Door-sash Plate.
Outside Top-plate.
Ventilator-plate.
PLA
118
PLA
Waier-closet Door-plate Winding-shaft Plate.
Wlieel-piece Plate. Window-blind-bolt Plate.
Wheel-plate. Window-latch Plate.
Window-pivot Plate.
Plate-rod. A horizontal metal rod which, passes through
two plates of a car-body to tie them together. See 47,
figs. 69, 71, 72.
Plate-wheeL A car-wheel of which the centre portion
is formed of a disc or plate instead of spokes. See figs.
154-164, 170-181. See
Combination Plate-wheel. Open Plate-wheel.
Double Plate-wheel. Single Plate-wheel.
Platform. See Car-platform. Miller-platform.
Platform End-timber. A cross-timber at the outer end of
a car-platform. See 38, figs. 215-233 ; 103, figs. 750-753.
Platform-floor. The floor at the end of a passenger or
street car, outside of the car-body. This floor is supported
by the platform-timbers and draw-timbers. See 34, figs.
215-232 ; 104, figs. 750-752.
Platform-gate. A gate used to close the entrance to a
platform on passenger or street cars. It is closed to pre-
vent people from getting on and off at that end. See 43,
fig. 228.
Platform-hood. A cover or canopy attached to the end of
a car-body, and projecting over and covering the plat-
form to protect passengers from rain or snow. They are
made of either wood or sheet-iron. "When it consists of
an extension of the main roof of a car it is called a plat-
form-roof : but when it is a separate part, and fastened to
the car-body, as is usually the case on street-cars, it is
called a platform-hood. See 107, figs. 219, 223 ; 115,
figs. 750, 753.
Platform-hood Bow. A bent wooden or iron bow which
forms the outer edge of a platform-hood, and to which
the platform-hood carlines are fastened. Sae 108, figs.
219, 223; 116, figs. 750, 753.
Platform-hood Carlines. Transverse-timbers which sup-
port the roof of a wooden platform-hood. See 117, fig.
750.
Platform-hood Prame. An iron frame for supporting a
hood which projects over the platform of a passenger-
car.
Platform-hood Knee. An L-shaped piece of wrought-iron
by which a platform-hood is fastened to the car-body.
See 118, figs. 750, 753.
Platform-hood Moulding. A small wooden moulding
used to cover the nails with which the roofing canvas
is fastened around the edge to the roof of a platform-
hood. It corresponds with a roof-moulding. See 119,
figs. 750, 753.
Platform-hood Post. An upright iron bar or rod which is
attached either to the platform or to the platform rail-
PLA
119
PLA
ing, and -which supports a platform-hood. See 109, figs.
219, 223, 228.
Platform-post. An upright iron post on the end plat-
forms of cars to which the railing is attached. See 39,
figs. 215, 217, 219, 223, 228 ; 108, figs. 750, 751, 753.
Piatform-raiL A wrought-iron bar fastened to the tops of
the platform-posts, the whole forming a railing on the
end of a car-platform. On steam-cars an opening is gen-
erally left in the middle of the railing so as to allow per-
sons to pass from one car to another. The railing is
therefore made in two parts, and two platform rails are
used. On street-cars no such passage-way is left, and the
railing is therefore made continuous, and the rail is in
one piece. The outside ends of the platform-rails of
steam-cars are usually carried down to the end-timber,
so as to form the outside post, but on street-cars they are
not, but the outside end is attached to an ordinary post.
See 41, figs. 215, 217, 219, 223, 223 ; 110, figs. 750, 751,
753.
Platform-railing. An inclosure consisting of iron posts
and rails on the end of a platform of a car to prevent
persons from falling off. See engravings of passenger
and street cars, figs. 215-228 ; 750-753.
Platform Railing-chain. A chain connecting the two
sections of the platform-rails of a passenger-car. The
chain is intended to prevent passengers from falling off
the platform. See 42, figs. 217.
Platform-roof. That portion of a car-roof which projects
over the platform. When this consists of an extension
of the main roof of the car it is called a platform-roof,
but when it is a separate canopy or cover. fastened to the
car-body, as is usually the case on street-cars, it is called
a. platform-hood. See 103, figs. 215, 217, 228,.229.
Platform-roof Carline. A timber which 'forms part of a
platform-roof, and which supports the roof -boards. See
104, figs. 215, 229.
Platform-roof End-carline. The carline at the end of a
roof which projects over the platform. See 105, figs.
215, 229.
Platform-sills. Short longitudinal pieces of timber framed
into or bolted to the end-sills and platform <end-timbers
of a passenger or street car to sustain the floor of the
platform. See 37, figs. 215, 216, 217, 231.
Platform-steps. The stairs at each corner of a passenger-
car which afford the means of ingress and egress. See
45, figs. 215, 217, 219, 223. On street-cars, one step only
is used, and it is usually made of plate-iron. See 114,
figs. 750-753.
Platform Tie-rods. Horizontal rods which pass through
the platform end-timbers for the purpose of holding
them and the other portions of the frame of the car se-
PLA
120
POC
curely together. See 162, figs. 220, 223 ; 51, figs. 282, 283,
285.
Platform-timbers. Pieces of timber attached to the bot-
tom of a car-frame at each end outside of the draw-tim-
ber, and projecting beyond the end of the car, and which
help to support the platform. They extend usually from
the platform end-timbers to the bolster or, in street-cars,
to one of the transverse floor-timbers. See 35, figs.
215-231 ; 101, figs. 751-753.
Platform-timber Band. A band made of plate-iron which
covers and embraces the outer end of a platform end-
timber of a street-car. See 105, figs. 750-753.
Platform-timber Clamp. A U -shaped ircm clamp or bolt
with which a platform-timber is fastened to the end-sill
of a car. See 36, figs. 216, 229, 231, 232 ; 102, figs.
750-753.
Platform Trap-door. A door which covers the space occu-
pied by the steps, and thus extends the platform out to
the side of the car. See 3, fig. 244.
Platform Truss-beam, for Miller-platform. A short trans-
verse piece of timber attached to the outer ends of the
draw-timbers and which forms the bearing or abutment
of the platform truss-rods. See 22, figs. 282, 2S3, 284.
Platform Truss-rod, for Miller-platform. A rod which is
fastened at one end to the bodyLbolster or centre-sills,
then passes through or over the end-sill and from there
downward, and is fastened at the other end by a nut to
the platform truss-beam. Its use is to support the plat-
form and prevent it from sagging. See 23, figs. 282-285.
Play. See End-play. Lateral-play.
Plow. See Snow-plow.
Plug. Besides its usual meaning, it designates a short
solid metal cylinder, with a screw on the outside and a
square or hexagonal end to take hold of with a wrench.
It is screwed into the end of a pipe or hole in a plate,
etc., to close the opening. See fig. 625. See Basin-
plug. Four-ivay-cocle Plug. Leakage-valve Plug.
Plush. " A species of shaggy cloth or stuff with a velvet
nap on one side, composed regularly of a woof of a single
thread and a double warp ; the one, wool of two threads
twisted, the other of goat's or camel's hair. But some
plushes are made wholly of worsted, others wholly of
hair." — Webster. Plush is used in car-building chiefly as
a covering for seats.
Pocket. This term is used to designate any object with a
cavity or opening which forms a receptacle to hold any-
thing in its place, as a
Brace-pocket. Left-hand Brace-pocket.
Corner-post Pocket. Post-pocket.
Double Brace-pocket. Bight-hand Brace-pocket.
Draic-bar-spring Pocket. Spring -pocket.
Draw-timber Pocket. Stake-pocket.
POK
121
PTJL
Poke-hole Funnel. A conical-shaped lining for an open-
ing in a stove through which a poker is inserted to stir
the fire. See fig. 578.
Pole. See Ridge-pole.
Post. A piece of timber or metal set upright and intended
to support something else, as the posts of a house ; the
posts of a door ; the posts of a. gate ; the posts of a
fence ; the posts of a bridge. See 12, fig. 808. See
Body-post. Lever-frame Post.
Body Queen-post. Platform-hood Post.
Brake-beam King-post. Platform-post.
Clear-story Post. Queen-post.
Corner-post. Sub-post.
Door-post. Truck-bolster King-post.
Sand-rail Post. Truck-frame King-post.
Hat-post. Truck-frame Queen-post.
Windoic-post.
Postal-car. See Post-office Car.
Post-bracket, for Creamer-brake. A cast-iron ledge to
which the cross-bar of a Creamer-brake is attached.
Such brackets are made with bosses which embrace the
end-posts, to which they are fastened by set-screws. See
3, fig. 646,
Post-office Car. A car for carrying mail-matter, and fitted
up with boxes and other conveniences for assorting and
distributing the mails. See fig. 5.
Post-office Car-lamp. A lamp used in assortir-g letters and
performing the other duties of tho mail agents in post-
office cars. See fig. 494.
Post-pocket. An iron casting which is attached to the out-
side of the sill of a carto receive and hold a post. Such
pockets are more commonly used with cattle-cars, and
are very similar to stake-pockets. Shown on the side of
the car in fig. 24.
Pot. See Fire-pot.
Potter Draw-bar. A draw-bar made with a pair of ears
on each side. To one pair of these a link is attached per-
manently, and to the other pair, and to the centre, other
links can be coupled. The draw-bar was named after
the inventor. See figs, 261-264, 269.
Press. See Seal-press.
Press-beam. A Compression-beam, which see.
Pressure-gauge, for Baker Car-heater. An ordinary
steam-gauge attached to one of the pipes of a Baker
heater to show the pressure in the inside of the pipes.
See 30, fig. 581, 609.
Profile-carline. A carline extending from one plate to the
other and bent so as to conform to the shape or profile
of the sides and roof of the clear-story. See fig. 247.
PulL ' • A catch or lip upon a drawer, door, or window,
by which it is pulled open." — Knight. See
Clear-story Window-pull. Door-pull.
PTTL
122
aui
Drawer-pull. Window-blind Pull.
Pulley. " A wheel with a grooved, flat, or slightly convex
rim, adapted to receive a cord or band which runs over
it. Its function is to transmit power or change the di-
rection of motion." — Knight. See
Bell-cord Pulley. Cliain Pidley.
Berth-chain Pulley. Side-pulley.
Pull-iron. A lug, socket, or eye-bolt attached to the end
or side of a car, near the corner, for attaching a hook
and chain by which the cars are pulled with horses or
mules. Often a lug or socket is cast on the lower out-
side corner plate for this purpose. See 58, figs. 69,
70, 71.
Pull-ring. A metal ring with a screw attached by which
it is fastened to any object, as a sash, drawer, etc., to
take hold of in opening it. See fig. 332. See Clear-story
Window-pull.
Pump. See Air-pump and Engine, complete. Car-pump.
Wash-room Pump.
Punch. See Bell-punch.
Purlin. A longitudinal piece of timber over the rafters,
extending from one end of a car-roof to the other and to
which the roof-boards are fastened. Sometimes called a
roof-strip. See 83, figs. 64, 70, 71, 72.
Push Baggage-car. A light car used at stations for mov-
ing baggage or freight from one train to another. It is
moved or pushed by hand. Similar to fig. 48.
Push-car. A four-wheeled car used to carry materials
and tools for workmen, and which is moved or pushed
by hand. See fig. 48. Also see Ferry Push-car.
Q
Quadruple-coil Nest-spring. A Quadruple-coil Spiral-
spiring, which see.
Quadruple-coil Spiral-spring. A spiral-spring composed
of four coils of different diameters, the smallest ones
being successively inside of the larger ones. See fig.
199.
Quadruplet of Springs. Four elliptic springs coupled
together side by side so as to act as one spring. See«80,
figs. 122-124, 128, 129. Similar to fig. 186.
Queen-post. One or two vertical posts of a truss or truss-
beam against which the diagonal members bear. "When
one post only is used, it is called a King-post, which see.
Such posts are used for the truss-rods under car-bodies
and trucks. See 6, fig. 806. See Body Queen-post. In-
verted-body Queen-post. Truck-frame Queen-post.
Queen-post Stay. A rod or bar attached to a queen-post'to
prevent it from moving laterally. See Body Queen-post
Stay.
Quintuplet of Springs. Five elliptic springs coupled
RAB
128
RAT.
together side by side in a group so as to act as one springs
Similar to 80, figs. 123-124, or fig. 186.
B.
Rabbet. ' ' A rectangular groove made longitudinally along
the edge of one piece to receive the edge of another, ft,
is common in paneling, and in door-frames for the dcor
to shut into.'' — Knight. Rabbet is a corruption of the
■word rebate.
Rabbeted-loek. ' ' A kind of lock whose face-plate is sunk
■within a rabbet cut in tne edge of a door." — Knight. See
fig. 524.
Rack. 1. '"A frame for receiving various articles." — Web-
ster.
2. '' In machinery, a rectilineal sliding-piece, with teeth
cut on its edge for working with a wheel." — Brande.
See
Basket-rack. Card-rack.
Bibie-racic. . Towel-rack.
Brush-and-comb Rack. Window-latch Rack.
Radiator, to go under seats with Baker Car-heater. A
piece of iron pipe bent into a U"snaPe> which is laid
"_nder the seats of a car, and through which the hot
water from a Baker heater circulates, and from which
the warmth is radiated. Shown in fig. 580. See also fig.
610.
Radiator-stand, for Baker Car-heater. A support for the
hot-water pipes of a Baker heater, by which the heat ia
distributed or radiated in a car. See figs. 611, 618, 614.
Rafter. A timber which supports the roof of a car, and
which extends part way across the top, or from the plate
to the ridge of the roof or to the base of the clear-story.
When such timbers extend all the way across they are?
called carlines. See 101, figs. 215, 218, 221, 222, 224^ 229,
280. See Main-rafter.
Rail. "The horizontal part in any piece of framing or
paneling." — Webster. See
Back-seat-bottom Rail. Guide-rail.
Back Seat-rail. Hand-rail.
Belt-rail. Inside Hand-rail.
Body Hand-rail. Lower Seat-back Rail.
Bottom-rail. Lower Wainscot-rail.
Clear-story Bottom-rail. Middle Door- rail.
Door-case Intermediate- Panel-rail.
rail._ Parting-rail.
Door-case Top-rail. Platform-rail.
Door-rail. Sash-rail.
Fender-rail. Seat-back Rail.
Front Seat-bottom Rail. Seat-bottom Rail.
Front Seat-rail. Seat-rail.
RAi.
184
BEe
Step Hand-rail.
Top Door-rail.
Top End-rail.
Top Side-rail.
Upper Belt-rail.
Hailing. "A series of rails;
Upper Seat-back Rail.
Upper Wainscot-rail.
Wainscot-rail.
Window-blind Rail.
Window-rail.
a fence." — Webster. See
Platform-railing. Step-railing.
Railing-chain. See Platform Railing-chain.
Railroad-car. See Car.
Railroad-lantern. A lantern used by train-men and other
employes of railroads, in the performance of their duties
at night, to give light and signals. See fig. 500.
Raised-roof. A Clear-story, which see.
Ratchet. See Bottom-ratchet. Uncoupling-lever Ratchet.
Ratchet-wheel. See Brake Ratchet-wheel. Winding-
shaft Ratchet-wheel.
Rattan Car-seat. A car-seat made of strips of rattan
woven together. See fig. 403.
Rattan Floor-mat. A floor-mat made of rattan. See
Floor-mat.
Rebate. " In architecture the groove or channel sunk on
the edge of a piece of timber." — Webster. Sometimes
■written Rabbet, which see.
Receiving-valves, of Air-pump for Westinghouse-brake.
Puppet valves, one of which is placed at the top and the
•other at the bottom of the air-pump cylinder, and which
admit the air into the cylinder. See 34, fig. 665 ; fig.
696.
Recording-delL A bell attached to a bell-punch or
other instrument on which the conductor records the
fares collected. The bell is intended to indicate or an-
nounce to the passengers that the conductor has recorded
the fares received.
Reducer. A Reducing Pipe-coupling, which see. Also see
Bushing.
Reducing Pipe-coupling. A pipe-coupling which is larger
at one end than at the other for uniting two pipes of dif-
ferent diameters. Similar to fig. 623.
Reducing Tee or f. A X-snaPe(i cast-iron tube for unit-
ing one pipe at right angles with two others in the same
line, and which are not all of the same size. See fig.
621.
Reflector. "A polished surface for reflecting light." —
Webster. See Lamp-reflector. Alcove-lamp Reflector.
Lamp-chimney Reflector.
Refrigerator-car. A car for carrying perishable articles,
such as fruits, meat, etc., and constructed with com-
partments in which ice is carried to preserve the freight
while in transit. Such cars are usually made with double
floor, sides, and roof, so as to keep the ice from melting.
See fig. 18.
Register. An aperture for the passage of air, provided
REG
125
BEL
with suitable valves, doors, or sliding or revolving plates,
by which the aperture is opened or closed. See rig. 346.
See Frieze-ventilator Register. Ventilator-register.
Register-face. A grating with which the opening of a
register is covered, it is usually made of some ornament-
al pattern. See 4, fig. 346.
Register-frame. A metal frame or box which incloses or
surrounds a register-opening. See 2, fig. 346.
Register-handle. A metal arm, lever, or knob, attached
to a register-valve, by which the valve is opened or
closed. See 1, fig. 346.
Register-valve. A slat or plate which is pivoted or
hinged so that it can be used to open or close the aper-
ture of a register. See 3, fig. 346.
Regulating. The act of moving cars from one track to
another as in making up or separating trains and placing
the cars where they are needed. See also Switching.
Shunting. Drilling.
Release-lever, for Westinghouse Car-brake. A bent lever,
one end of which is attached to the cross-head, and the
opposite end to a spiral-spring which is compressed when
the piston is moved outward. By the action of the spring
and the lever, the piston is forced inward and the brakes
are released from the wheels when the compressed-air in
the cylinder has been allowed to escape. See 5, fig. 661 ;
12, fig. 729.
Release-lever Rod, for Westinghouse Car-brake. A rod
attached to the front cylinder-head and which forms a
fulcrum for a release-rod. See 6, fig. 661 ; 13, fig. 723.
Release-spring. A spring usually attached to the end-
piece of a truck for the purpose of throwing the brakes
off or out of contact with the wheels. The name is also
applied to any spring used to throw the brakes off from
the wheels. See 91, figs. 89, 115-129.
Release-spring, for Westinghouse Car-brake. A spiral-
spring which acts against the end of a lever so as to
move the brake-piston inward and thus release the
brakes from the wheels after the compressed-air is al-
lowed to escape from the cylinders. See 8, fig. 661 ; 15,
fig. 729. See also Double Release-spring.
Release-spring Bracket, forWestinghouse Car-brake. An
iron lug or ear bolted to a front cylinder-head and to
which one end of a release-spring rod is attached. See
17, fig. 729.
Release-spring Nut, for Westinghouse Car-brake. A nut
which is screwed on a release-spring rod, and by which
the pressure of the release-spring is adjusted. See 18, fig.
729.
Release-spring Rod, for Westinghouse Car-brake. A rod
attached at one end to the end of a release-lever, and
which passes through the centre of a release-spring. The
latter is attached to the rod by nuts and washers by
REL
126
RET
which the pressure of the spring against the lever is ad-
justed. See 7, fig. 661 ; 14, fig. 729.
Release-spring Washer, for Westinghouse Car-brake. A
washer on a release-spring rod against which the spring
bears. See 16, fig. 729.
Reservoir. A place or receptacle where anything is kept
in store, as a tank or vessel. See Auxiliary-reservoir
for Westinghouse-brake. Main-reservoir. Lamp-reser-
voir.
Reservoir Drain-cock, for Westinghouse-brake. A cock
attached to the reservoir under the car or to the brake
cylinder-head for exhausting the air from the reservoir
of the automatic-brake to let off the brake if accidentally
applied when disconnected from the engine. Similar to
fig. 740.
Reservoir Journal-box. See Top-reservoir Journal-box.
Rest. That which supports something or on which it
rests. See
Arm-rest. Side-rest.
Berth-rest. Stake-rest.
Sash-rest. Upper Berth-rest.
Side Foot-rest. Window-blind Rest.
Window-sash Rest.
Restaurant-car. A car provided with a kitchen and cook-
ing appliances and arrangements for serving meals as in
a restaurant. See fig. 3. Hotel-ears also have similar
arrangements for serving meals, but they also have sleep-
ing berths which restaurant-cars have not.
Retaining-ring, for Wheel-tires. A metal ring which is
fastened to a wheel-centre and to the tire so as to hold
the two together. Usually such rings have projections
which fit into corresponding grooves, turned in the tire
and in the wheel-centres, so as to hold the tire in its
place in case it should break. See 1, figs. 180, 181.
Return-bend. A short cast-iron tube made of a U_snaPe
for uniting the ends of two wrought-iron pipes. See
Close Return-bend. Open Return-bend.
Reversible-seat. A seat with a back which can be turned
so as to face either way. See figs. 400-403. See Car-seat.
Reversible Street-car. A street-car with a body mounted
on running-gear on which the body can be turned, or re-
versed, at the end of its route. See fig. 42.
Reversing-cylinder, of Engine for Westinghouse-brake. A
small hollow metal cylinder placed in the steam-cylinder
head and in which the reversing-piston works. See 19,
fig. 665 ; fig. 682.
Reversing-cylinder Cap, of Engine for Westinghouse-
brake. A metal screw-plug which is screwed into the re-
cess which receives the reversing-cylinder and holds the
latter in its place. See 22, fig. 665 ; fig. 685.
Reversing-piston, of Engine for Westinghouse-brake. A
small piston placed above the steam-valves and which.
REV
127
BIG
moves the latter in one direction. The excess of steam-
pressure on the under side of the upper steam-valve,
owing to its being larger than the lower one, moves them
upward when the pressure on the reversing-piston is re-
leased. See 20, fig. 665 ; fig. 683.
Reversing-valve, for Engine of Westinghouse-brake. A
slide-valve which worts in a small cylinder in the steam-
cylinder head, and which is operated by the piston.
This valve controls the admission and exhaust of steam
to and from the main steam-valves. See 13, fig. 665;
fig. 676.
Reversing-valve Eushing, for Engine of Westinghouse-
brake. A hollow cylinder or tube in which the revers-
ing-valve works and which forms a lining for the recess,
in the cylinder-head in which the valve is placed. See
23, fig. 665 ; fig. 686.
Reversing-valve Cap, for Engine of Westinghouse-brake.
A screw-plug which is screwed into the recess in which
the reversing- valve works and which holds the reversing-
valve bushing in its place. See 24, fig. 665 ; fig. 687.
Reversing-valve Plate, for Engine of Westinghouse-
brake. A plate attached to the top of a steam-piston
and which moves the reversing-valve stem and valve.
See 10, fig. 665 ; fig. 674.
Reversing-valve Stem, for Engine of Westinghouse-brake.
A rod attached at the upper end to the reversing-valve,
and which extends downward into a hole bored into the-
piston-rod. The reversing-valve stem and valve are
moved by the piston at each end of its stroke. The ad-
mission and exhaust of steam to and from the main
steam-valve is thus changed at each end of the stroke
of the piston, and by this means the main-valves are
made to admit steam, alternately, above and below the
steam-piston. See 12, fig. 665 ; fig. 675.
Revolving-chair. A chair mounted on a stand so that it
can turn on the latter. See fig. 4C4.
Revolving-chair Stand. A cast-iron post which supports
a revolving-chair. The post is attached to a plate, fast-
ened to the floor, in which it turns. See fig. 393.
Revolving-chair-stand Base. A cast-iron plate which is
fastened to the floor of a car, and to which the chair-
stand is attached, and on which it turns. See 1, fig. 398.
Revolving-chair-stand Socket. A cast-iron post, with a
cup-shaped receptacle, which holds the seat of a revolv-
ing-chair, See 2, fig. 393.
Rib. See Wheel-rib.
Ridge. See Roof-ridge.
Ridge-pole. A longitudinal timber on top and in the cen-
tre of a roof, and on which the roof -boards rest. In some
cases the rafters are framed into the ridge-pole. See 84,
figs. 61, 64, 69, 71.
Right-and-left-screw Turnbuckle. A tumbuckle shaped
RIG
128
HIV
somewhat like a link of a chain, with a right-hand screw
at one end, and a left-hand screw at the other. See fig.
791.
Right Chamher-cap, for Air-pump of Westinghouse-brake.
A screw-plug screwed into the top of the chamber,
which receives the upper discharge-valve, and which
forms a cover to the chamber and a stop for the valve.
See 29, fig. 665 ; fig. 691.
Right-hand Brace-pocket. A brace-pocket for a brace
which inclines from the bottom toward the right when a
person on the outside is looking toward the car. When
the brace inclines toward the left, it is called a left-hand
pocket. The same kind of pocket can be used at each
end of the same brace. See 40, fig. 69.
Right-hand Seat. A car-seat with a stationary back in
such a position that the seat-end or arm is on the right-
hand side of a person sitting on the seat. In fig. 229,
123 is a right-hand seat, and 123' is a left-hand seat.
In figs. 296-298, 26 is a right-hand seat, and 26' left-
hand. See also figs. 406, 407.
Right-hand Seat-end. A seat-end which is on the right-
hand side of a person sitting in a seat which has a sta-
tionary or non-reversible back. See figs. 406,408.
Rigid-bolster Truck. A car-truck with a bolster which
has no lateral or swing motion. Figs. 88-107 represent
rigid-bolster trucks.
Rim-latch. A latch which is attached to the outside of a
door and is not let into it. See figs. 526-528.
Rim-lock. " A lock having an exterior metallic case which
projects from the face of the door, differing thus from a
mortise-lock." — Knight. See fig. 523.
Rim of Wheel. That portion of a car-wheel outside of the
plate or spokes. "When a separate tire is used, it is the
portion of the wheel between the plate or spokes and the
tire. See 23, fig. 138. See Face of Rim.
Ring. See
Grate-ring. Pull-ring.
Helper-ring. Retaining-ring.
Inside-ring. Rubber Packing-ring.
Lamp-ring. Stove-pipe Ring.
Man-hole Ring. Top-ring.
Packing-ring. Ventilator-ring.
Window-curtain Ring.
Ring, for Smoke-top of Baker Car-heater. A cast-iron
ring which is attached to a smoke-top to stiffen it, and
also to hold the feed-door. See 18, fig. 581 ; fig. 599.
Riser. See Step-riser. Seat-riser.
Rivet. ' ' A pin of iron or other metal with a head drawn
through a piece of timber or metal, and the point bent
or spread and beat down fast to prevent it being drawn
out, or a pin or bolt clinched at both ends." — Webster.
See Coupling-link Rivet.
HOC
129
ROD
Rocker, for Tip-car. A curved or crescent-shaped casting
on which the body of a tip-car rests, and on which it
rolls or rocks when the body is tipped. See 155, fig. 81.
Rocker-bearing, for Tip-car. A cast or wrought iron
plate on which a rocker rests and rolls when the car-
body is tipped. See 156, fig. 81.
Rocker-bearing Timber, for Tip-car. A horizontal tim-
ber at the end of a tip-car on which the rocker-bearing
rests and which supports the rocker and the body of the
car. See 157, fig. 81.
Rocker-bearing-timber Hangers, for Tip-car. Vertical
timbers or iron bars framed and bolted to the end-piece
of a tip-car frame and to which the rocker-bearing tim-
bers are fastened. See 158, fig. 81.
Rocker Side-bearing. A metal rocker which forms a
side-bearing for a car. Such rockers are sometimes sus-
pended like a pendulum and sometimes placed in a re-
verse position. See fig. 136.
Rocker-timbers, for Tip-car. Transverse timbers attached
to the under side of the floor-timbers of a tip-car, and to
which the rockers are attached. See 159, fig. 81.
Rocking-bar, for Grate of Baker Car-heater. A horizontal
bar which supports the grate, and on which the latter is
attached by a pivot in the centre so that it can be turned
and thus shake the fire. See 16, fig. 581 ; fig. 597.
Rock-plank. A Truss-plank, which see.
Rod. In car-building this term generally means a slen-
der bar of iron. It is also used to designate such a bar
with a nut on each end in distinction from a bolt which
has a head on one end and a nut on the other. See
Basket-rack Rod. Grain-door Rod.
Berth-curtain Rod. Grate-rod.
Body-bolster Truss-rod. Hand-car Truss-rod.
Body Truss-rod. Inverted Bocly-truss-rod.
Brace-rod. Lever-frame Tie-rod.
Brace Straining-rod. Long Brake-rod.
Brake-beam Truss-rod. Lower Brake-rod.
Brake-block Tie-rod. Pedestal Stay-rod.
Brake-rod. Piston-rod.
Brake-shaft Connecting- Plate-rod.
rod. Platform Tie-rod.
Candle-rod. Platform Tmss-rod.
Centre Body-truss-rod. Release-lever Rod.
Connecting-rod. Release-spring Rod.
Counter-brace Rod. Safety-beam Tie-rod.
Cross-frame Truss-rod. Safety-beam Truss-rod.
Cylinder-lever Tie-rod. Secondary Brake-rod.
Draw-rod. Side Body-brace-rod.
End Body-brace-rod. Sill Tie-rod.
End-girth Tie-rod. Sill-and-Plate Rod.
Floating Connection-rod. Stay-rod.
Girth Tie-rod. Tank-valve Rod.
ROL
130
ROO
Tie-rod.
Towel-rod.
Transom Truss-rod.
Truck-bolster Truss-rod.
Truss-rod.
Wheel-piece Tie-rod.
Wheel-piece Truss-rod.
Window-curtain Rod.
Rolled-axle. An axle made of rolled iron.
Roller. " That which rolls ; that which turns on its own
axis ; particularly a cylinder of wood, stone, metal, etc."
— Webster. See
Door Frictioii-r oiler. Sliding-door Friction-
Friction-r oiler. roller.
Side-bearing Roller. Window-curtain Roller.
Roller Side-bearing. A side-bearing with one or more
rollers on which the car-body rests. The rollers are used
so that the body will move freely on the bearings. See
fig. 135.
Roller Side-bearing Casting. A casting for receiving or
holding balls or rollers which form a side-bearing. See
fig. 135.
Roof. " The cover or upper part of a house or other build-
ing, consisting of rafters covered with boards, shingles,
or tiles, with a side or sides sloping from the ridge for
the purpose of carrying off the water that falls in rain or
snow." — Webster. See
Arched-roof. Corrugated-metal Car-
Car-roof. roof.
Platform-roof. Double-board Car-roof.
Raised-roof. Pitching-roof.
Tin Car-roof. Plank Car-roof.
Winslow Car-roof.
Roof-apron. A vertical or inclined metal or wooden
screen attached to the end of a passenger-car roof to pre-
vent cinders, rain, or snow from being driven on to the
platform and into the door-way. See 106, fig. 215.
Roof-boards. The boards which form a covering of a roof .
See 86, figs. 55-72 ; 102, figs. 215-230 ; 55, figs. 750, 752.
Roof-braces. Diagonal strips of wood or iron attached to
the top of the rafters or carlines under the roof -covering
to stiffen the roof. See 85, fig. 70.
Roof Corner-casting. A cast-iron moulding for the cor-
ners of projecting-roofs which extend over the platforms,
of passenger-cars. They are made rights and lefts to be
adapted to the two corners.
Roofing-canvas. A heavy duck for covering the outside
of the roofs of cars.
Roof-lever, for Creamer-brake. A horizontal lever at-
tached near the projecting rcof of a car, and to which
the branch line from the bell-cord is connected. It is
also connected by a chain and rim with the tripping-
lever. See 9. fig. 648.
Roof-light. A Clear-story Window, which see. See also.
End Roof-light.
ROO
131
11X111
Roof-ridge. The intersection of the two plane surfaces
forming a pitching-roof .
Roof Running-board. Boards placed over the ridge or
centre of a freight-car roof, and extending the whole
length of the car, and which is provided for train-men to
walk or run on. in going from one end of a train to
the other. See 87, figs. 55, 56, 58, 59, 69, 71, 72.
Roof Running-board Bracket. An iron bracket attached
to the end of a box-car and which supports a running-
board extension. See 89, figs. 60, 61, 63, 65.
Roof Running-board Extension. The part of a running-
board on top of a box-car, which extends beyond the end
of the car-body so as to bring the ends of the running-
boards on adjoining cars nearer together to facilitate
the passage of train-men from one car to another. See
88, figs. 60-62.
Roof-step. A horizontal board on top of the roof of a
freight-car and which extends from the running-board
to near the side of the car above the ladder, its object
being to assist persons in climbing to and from the top of
a car, or to give a secure foothold for brakemen, and to
protect the roof from wear by persons walking on it.
See 92, figs. 55, 56, 59.
Roof-strap. See Diagonal Roof-strap.
Roof-strips. A Purlin, which see.
Rope. " A large string or line composed of several strands
twisted together." — Webster. See Berth Safety-rope.
Bell-rope. Berth-spring Rope.
Rose. See Door-latch Rose.
Round-bar Spiral-spring. A spiral-spring made of one or
more round bars of metal. See figs 189-191, 205-212.
Rounds. See Ladder-rounds.
Rubber-centre Spiral-spring. A spiral-spring with the
space inside the coil filled with india-rubber. See figs.
205, 206.
Rubber Packing-ring, of Triple-valve for Westinghouse
Car-brake. A circular india-rubber gasket which forms
a seat for the triple-valve piston. See 10, fig. 704 ; fig.
712.
Rubber-seat, for Leakage-valve of Westinghouse-brake.
A circular ring of india-rubber, placed on the top of the
leakage-valve case, and which forms a bearing for the
leakage-valve. See 16, fig. 705.
Rubber-spring. See India-rubber Car-spring.
Rubber-tread, for Step. An india-rubber covering fastened
to a step of a car to prevent persons from slipping when
ascending or descending the stops.
Runners. Apertures which connect the ingate of a mould
for casting metals with the spaces made vacant b}r the
withdrawal of the pattern.
Running-board. A plane surface made usually of boards
for men to walk or run on. See Roof Running-board.
RUN
132
SAF
Running-board, for Tank-car. A horizontal iron plate on
the side of the tank on which the train-men walk. See
119, figs. 73-76.
Running-board Brackets, for Tank-car. Cast - iron
brackets or knees which are attached to the main-sills of
a tank-car, and project outward to support the running-
board. See 120, figs. 73, 74, 76.
Saddle. " A seat or pad to be placed on the back of an
animal to support the rider or the load." — Knight.
Hence, a block or plate which acts as abearing or support
for a rod, beam, etc., in construction, is called a saddle.
See Body Truss-rod Saddle. Spring-saddle. Truss-rod
Saddle.
Safety-beam. A longitudinal timber in the frame of a
truck attached to the end-piece and transom, and placed
above the axles and between the wheels-pieces or truck
side-frames. Iron safety-straps are attached to the beam
and pass under the axles so as to hold them in position
in case of a breakage of the latter or of the wheels.
Such beams are placed on each side of the track so as
to hold both ends of the axle in case of a breakage. See
51, figs. 91-94, 105-107, 115-129. See Middle Safety-beam.
Safety-beam Block. A block fastened to the under side of
a safety-beam and to which a safety-strap is attached.
It is put there to bring the safety-beam nearer to the
axle, and is usually cut out so as to conform to the shape
of the latter. See 53, figs. 115-117.
Safety-beam Iron. A wrought-iron bar or casting bolted
to the transom of a six-wheeled truck, and by which the
middle safety-beam is attached to the transoms. See 60,
fig. 129.
Safety-beam Tie-rod. A rod which is placed alongside a
safety-beam, parallel with it, and which passes through
the end-piece and transom to tie them together. See
59, figs. 115-117, 122-125, 128-129.
Safety-beam Truss-rod. A rod placed alongside or through
a safety-beam, and extending from one end-piece of a
truck to the other, and under the transoms so as to form
a trass for the track-frame. See 57, figs. 93, 94.
Safety-beam Truss-rod Bearings. Cast or wrought iron
pieces attached to the transoms of a truck, and against
which a safety-beam truss-rod bears. See 58, figs. 92, 94.
Safety-bearing. See Axle Safety-bearing.
Safety-chain. See Brake Safety-chain.
Safety-coupling-chain. A chain attached at one end to
the platform of a car and hooked to the platform of an
adjoining car or tender so as to prevent the train from
being separated in case the coupling should be detached
SAF
133
SAL
or broken. Usually two such chains are used between
adjoining platforms. See 4, fig. 244.
Safety-grate, for Baker Heater. A perforated-plate which
is placed on top of the fire-pot over the fire to prevent
the latter from falling out in case of an accident and the
overturning of the car. See 9, fig. 581 ; fig. 590.
Safety-grate Latch, for Baker Heater. A cast-iron fasten-
ing for holding a safety-grate in its place. See fig.
596.
Safety-grate Spring, for Baker Heater. A spring for
holding the safety-grate in its place. See fig. 591.
Saf sty-hanger. See Brake Safety-chain. Brake Safety-
strap. Safety-hanger for Lower Brake-rod.
Safety-hanger, for Lower Brake-rod. A metal loop or
eye attached to a truck and through which the lower
brake-rod passes. It is intended to prevent the brake-
rod from falling on the track in case it or its connec-
tions should break.
Safety-strap. See Axle Safety-strap. Brake Safety-strap.
Spring-plank Safety-strap.
Safety-valve, for Baker Car-heater. A valve formed of an
india-rubber ball with which an opening on top of the
circulatirg-dmm is closed. When the pressure iu the
drum exceeds the elasticity of the rubber-ball, the latter
permits the steam or hot water to escape and thus relieve
the former. See 26, fig. 58 ; fig. 605.
Safety-valve, for Westinghouse-brake. A valve attached
to the air-drum to prevent more than a certain pressure
being carried in the former. See fig. 732.
Safety-valve, for Westinghouse Driving-wheel Brake. A
valve attached to the pipe which connects the cylinder
of the driving-wheel brake with the air-reservoir and
which permits the air to escape, when its pressure exceeds
a certain point, so as to prevent the slipping of the
wheels. Similar to fig. 732.
Safety-valve Ball, for Baker Car-heater. An india-rubber
ball with which an opening in the circulating-drum of a
Baker heater is closed, and which, by its elasticity, pre-
vents the water or steam in the drum from escaping
until it exceeds a certain pressure. See fig. 606.
Safford Draw-bar. A draw-bar invented and patented by
Mr. J. B. Safford, which consists of a peculiarly -shaped
head, which has a recess or " cove " in the sides so as to
give room for a man's hand in coupling cars. See fig.
266.
Saloon. 1. The main room in a compartment-car. 2.
polite term to designate a Water-closet, which see.
Saloon-handle. A Urinal-handle, which see.
Saloon-plate. See Notice-plate.
A
SAL
134
SCR
Saloon Stop-latch. A spring-latch with an attachment by
which the latch can be fastened on the inside. Similar
to figs. 527, 528.
Sash. The frame of a window or blind in which the glass
or slats are set. See
Door-case Window-sash. Swinging-sash.
Door-sash. Upper Door-sash.
Lower Door-sash. Ventilator-sash.
Mirror-sash. Window-blind Sash.
Window-sash.
Sash-fastener. A Windoic-latch, which see.
Sash-holder. See Window-sash Holder. Spring Window-
holder.
Sash-lift. See Window-lift. Window-blind Lift.
Sash-lock. A Window-latch, which see.
Sash-opener. A Ventilator-opener, ■which see.
Sash Parting-strip. A strip of wood attached to the win-
dow-post of a passenger-car which acts as a distance-
piece between two sashes and against which the latter
slide. See 83, figs. 225 ; 16, figs. 299, 301 ; 68, fig. 752.
Sash-prop. A Window-button, which see.
Sash-rail. A horizontal piece of the frame of a window or
blind in which the glass or slats are set. See 12, 14,
figs. 299-301. See Window-rail. Window-blind Rail.
Sash-rest. See Window-sash Rest.
Spiral Window-sash
Spring.
Window-sash Spring.
Sash-spring. See
Double Window-sash
Spring.
Single Window-sash
Spring.
Sash-stiles. The upright pieces which form the two sides
of a sash. See 11, 13, figs. 299-301. See Window-stile.
Window-blind Stile.
Sash-stop. See Window-sash Stop.
Sax-&-Kear Wheel A wheel with a steel tire which,
in the manufacture, is heated veiy nearly to the melting
point and is then put in a mould, and melted cast-iron is
poured in, which is thus welded to the steel-tire and
forms the centre of the wheel. See figs. 174, 175.
Scraper. See Snoic-scraper.
Screen, for Hood of Spear-heater. A perforated plate or
wire netting, with which the openings of the hood,
through which the air is admitted to the heater, are cov-
ered. The object of the screen is to exclude cinders.
See 7, figs. 550-552. See also Base-plate Screen.
Screw. 1. " A cylinder surrounded by a spiral ridge or
groove, every part of which forms an equal angle with
the axis of the cylinder, so that if developed on a plane
surface it would be an inclined plane. It is considered
as one of the mechanical powers. '' — Knight.
2. " A grooved piece of iron used for fastening to-
SCR
135
SEA
gether pieces of wood or metal ; usually called a wood-
screw." — Webster. See Lag-screw. Wood-screw.
Screw-burner. A lamp-burner to which the chimney is
fastened by a screw.
Screw-gauges. Instruments for measuring the diameter
or size of screws. They are of two kinds : one, fig. 797,
an external gauge for measuring male screws, and the
other, fig. 798, an internal gauge for measuring female
screws.
Screw Pitch-gauge. "A gauge for determining the num-
ber of threads to the inch on screws and taps. It con-
sists of a number of toothed plates turning on a common
pivot, so that the serrated edge of each may be applied
to the screw until one is found which corresponds there-
with. The figures stamped on the plate indicate the
number of threads to the inch." — Knight. See fig. 800.
Screw-thread. The groove, or the material between the
grooves, which is cut on the outside surface of a cylinder
to form a male screw, or on the inside surface of a cyl-
indrical hole to form a nut or female screw. See
Franklin Institute Sys- Stojidard System of
tern of Screw-threads. Screw-threads.
Metal Screw-thread. United States Standard
Pipe Screw-thread. System of Screw-
Sellers System of Screw- threads.
threads. y '-shaped Screw-thread.
Whihcorth System of Wood Screw-thread.
Screw-threads.
Screw-thread Gauge. A steel plate with notches in the
edge of the precise form of screw-threads. The gauge is
used for giving the proper form to the edges of screw-
cutting tools. That illustrated in fig 799 is adapted to the
Sellers system, recommended by the Franklin Institute,
and adopted by the Army and Navy departments of the
United States, and by the Master Mechanics' and Mas-
ter Car-builders' associations. See fig. 799. See Sellers
System of Screiv-threads.
Screw-top. See Bell-cord-hanger Screw-top. Bell-cord
Strap-hanger Screw-top.
Seal. See Car-seal. Glass-seal. Lead-seal. Lock-seal.
Seal-hook. An iron book which is inserted into the hasp
of a freight-car door, and to which a seal wire and metal-
seal are attached. See fig. 542.
Seal-lock. A lock in which a seal made of glass, paper, or
other material is inserted in the lock in such a manner as
to cover the bolt or the key-hole. The lock cannot be
opened without breaking the seal.
Seal-press. A pair of levers arranged like a pair of pincers
and with two dies with which lead car-seals are com-
pressed on the wire to which they are attached. The
two dies leave an impression on the lead so that if the
seals are removed or defaced it can be known. See fig. 541.
SEA
136
SEA
Seal-wires. Several strands of fine wire which are twisted
together like a rope, and by which leaden seals are at-
tached to car-doors. See fig. 540.
Seat 1. " That on which one sits." — Webster.
2. " The flat portion of a chair or sofa to support the
person." — Knight.
9. In Mechanics : ' ' The part on which another thing
rests, as a valve-seat." — Knight. See
Axle-seat. Perforated-veneer Seat.
Bolster-spring Seat. Rattan Car-seat.
Cane-seat. Reversible-seat.
Car-seat. Right-hand Seat.
Corner-seat^ Rubber-seat.
Discharge-valve Seat. Side-seat.
Equalizing-bar Seat. Slat-seat.
Equalizing-bar Spring- Spiral-spring Seat.
seat. Spring-seat,
Leather-seat. Tank-valve Seat.
Left-hand Seat. Water-closet Seat.
Longitudinal-seat. Wlieel-seat.
Seat, for Hand-car. A horizontal board which is placed
either lengthwise or crosswise on a hand-car for the oc-
cupants to sit on. See 12, figs. 773-775.
Seat-arm. The portion of a seat-end which supports the
arm of a person sitting in the seat. See 5, figs. 400, 401.
Seat-back. That part of a seat which forms a support for
the backs of passengers. In steam-cars, if the seats are
placed crosswise the backs are usually made reversible so
that passengers can sit facing the direction in which the
train is moving, if the car is running either way. In
some cases on steam-cars, and usually on street-cars, the
seats are placed longitudinally with the backs against
the side of the car. See 125, figs. 215, 216, 218, 219, 220,
229, 230 ; 11, figs. 400, 401. See Slat Seat-back.
Seat-back Arm An arm by which the back of a seat is
attached to the seat-end or the side of the car. Such
arms are usually attached to the frame, seat-ends, or side
of the car by a pivot so that the back can be reversed.
Sometimes caUed striker-arm, and also back-arm. See 13,
figs. 400, 401 ; fig. 415.
Seat-back-arm Pivot. A metal pivot by which a seat-
back arm of a reversible-seat is attached to a seat-end or
the side of a car. In some cases the pivot is made in one
piece with a seat-back arm-plate. The latter then be-
comes a Seat-back-arm Pivot-plate, which see. See fig.
416.
Seat-back-arm Pivot-plate. A metal plate to which a
seat-back-arm pivot is attached. The former is fastened
to a seat-end and the latter holds the end of a seat-back
arm. See fig. 418.
Seat-back-arm Plate. A plate fastened to a seat-end with
a hole in the centre which receives and holds a seat-
SEA
137
SEA
back-arm pivot. In some cases the pivot is made in one
piece with the plate. The latter is then called a Seat-
back-arm Pivot-plate, which see. See fig. 417.
Seat-back-arni "Washer. A small washer for the head of
a screw by which a seat-back arm is fastened to a seat-
end. See 1, fig. 415.
Seat-back Sand. A wood or metal band or moulding
which is fastened around the edge of a seat-back to give
it a finish and protect it from wear. See 12, figs. 400,
401.
Seat-back Board. A board which is placed between the
two seat-back rails of a longitudinal seat, and which is
usually made in the form of a raised panel so as to make
a comfortable rest for the backs of passengers. See 42,
figs. 750, 752.
Seat-back Curved-stop. A seat-back stop of a curved
form, resembling somewhat a letter §• See 14, fig. 400 ;
fig. 420.
Seat-back Moulding. A Seat-back Band, which see.
Seat-back Hail. A longitudinal wooden strip which
forms a part of a seat -back. See Upper Seat-back Rail.
Lower Seat-back Rail.
Seat-back Hound-stop. A seat-back stop with a round
flange by which it is fastened to the seat-end, and with a
lug in the centre, on which the seat-back arm rests. See
fig. 421.
Seat-back Slats. Narrow strips of wood which are used
to form a seat-back. They are used chiefly for seats
which are not upholstered.
Seat-back Spring1. A spring placed in the upholstering in
the back of a seat, and used to give elasticity to the
back.
Seat-back Stop. A metal lug or bracket attached to a
seat-end and sometimes to the side of the car and on
which the seat-back arm rests. See 14, figs. 400, 401 ;
figs. 419-421.
Seat-bottom. The boards or floor in a seat-frame on which
a cushion rests, or on which persons sit when no cushion
is used. See 34, figs. 750, 752.
Seat-bottom Rail. A wooden strip to which a wooden
seat-bottom is attached. See Back Seat-bottom Rail.
Front Seat-bottom Rail.
Seat-bracket, for Hand-car. A wrought-iron knee which
forms a support for a seat of a hand-car. See 13, figs.
772, 775.
Seat-bracket Brace, for Hand-car. A diagonal . iron bar
which braces a seat-bracket in a hand-car. See 14, fig.
775.
Seat-cushion. A soft pad, or pillow on which passengers
sit. Two kinds of cushions are used on cars : Squab-
cushions and Box-ciishions, which see.
Seat-division. A bar of wood or metal which is attached
SEA
138
SEA
to a car-seat to separate the space occupied by a passen-
ger from that adjoining it. See 126, figs. 229, 230.
Seat-end. A frame of wood or metal at the end of a car-
seat "which supports the arm of the occupant and to
which the seat-back arm is attached. See 123, figs. 215,
216, 218, 219, 220, 229 ; 2, fig. 400 ; 3, fig. 401. See also
Aisle Seat-end. Long Seat-end.
Corner-seat End. Right-hand Seat-end.
Left-hand Seat-end. Short Seat-end.
Wall Seat-end.
Seat-hinge. A strap-hinge which is used in sleeping-cars
to connect a seat with the seat-back. See also Sofa-
hinge.
Seat-leg. A. wooden post which supports a front seat-rail.
These are not often used excepting for seats which ex-
tend longitudinally along the side of a car. See 35, figs.
750, 752.
Seat-leg Plate. A metal plate with which tbe front of a
seat-end or leg is covered to protect it from injury. See
fig. 396.
Seat-lock. A lock for holding the back of a seat so that
its position cannot be reversed. Such locks are attached
either to the seat-end, seat-back arm, or the seat-back
stop. See Barrel Seat-lock. See also 15, fig. 401 ; figs.
419, 422.
Seat-lock Bolt. The latch cf a seat-lock, which is moved
in and out by a key tj secure or release the seat-back.
See 1, figs. 419, 422.
Seat-lock Escutcheon. An escutcheon for the key -hole of
a seat-lock attached to a wooden seat-end. See fig.
423.
Seat-lock Key. A key or instrument for shutting or open-
ing a seat-lock by pushing the bolt one way or the other.
See 2, fig. 419.
Seat-lock Spring. The spring in a seat-lock which moves
the bolt. See 2, fig. 422.
Seat-rail. A wooden rail resting on and attached to the
seat-end and to the side of the car, and which supports
a seat-cushion or seat-bottom. See 1, figs. 400, 401. See
Back Seat-rail. Front Seat-rail.
Seat-riser. A vertical board or front of a seat, which in-
closes the space underneath, and which extends from the
seat-rail to the floor. Such risers are seldom used with
reversible-seats.
Seat-slat. A narrow strip of wood which forms part of a
seat-bottom.
Seat-spring. A spiral or other metal spring *,ised in a seat
to give it elasticity. See figs. 411-413. See Spiral Ellip-
tic- seat-spring.
Seat-stand. A support, usually made of cast-iron, on
which the aisle-end of a seat rests. See 124, figs. 215,
219 ; 6, fig. 400. See also Long Seat-end.
SEC
139
SEL
Secondary Brake-rod. 1. A rod which connects one end
of a floating-lever of a Hodge-brake with one of the
brake-levers. See 6, fig. 643.
2. A rod which connects the centre brake-lever of a
Tanner or Elder brake with one of the brake-levers on
the truck. On a four-wheeled car it is the rod which
connects the centre lever with one of the brake-beams.
See 152, fig. 80 ; 6, figs. 640, 641, 644, 645 ; 132, figs. 750,
751.
Second-class Car. A plainly-finished passenger-car, for car-
rying passengers who pay a lower i-ate of fare than first-
class passengers do.
Section, See Sleeping-car Section.
Sector. In geometry : " A part of a circle included by an
arc and the two radii drawn to its extremities." — Davies.
Hence, any object whose shape is that of a part of a cir-
cle is called a sector. See Clear-story Window-sector.
Draw-bar Sector.
Self-acting' Ventilator. An Automatic-ventilator, which
see.
Self-closing Faucet or Cock. A faucet which is provided
with a spring by which it is closed when the plug, han-
dle, or valve is released. See fig. 427.
Sellers System of Screw-threads. A system of screw-
threads designed by William Sellers, of Philadelphia.
The form of the threads is shown in fig. 796. The angle
at which the sides of the thread stand to each other is 60
degrees, and the top and bottom of the threads are made
fiat. The proportions of the threads are determined by
the following rule given by Mr. Sellers: "Divide the
pitch, or, what is the same thing, the sides of the thread,
into eight equal parts ; take off one part from the top and
fill in one part in the bottom of the thread ; then the fiat
top and bottom ivill equal one-eighth of the pitch, the
wearing surface will be three-quarters of the pilch, and
the diameter of screiv at bottom of the thread will be ex-
pressed by the formula :
in which D — diameter of the screw and N = the num-
ber of threads per inch.
This system was recommended by a committee ap-
pointed by the Franklin Institute in 1864 ; was adopted
as the standard by both the Army and Navy de-
partments of the United States, and has been rec-
ommended by both the Master Car-builders' and the
Master Mechanics' associations as the standard to be used
in the construction of cars and locomotives. It is often
called the Franklin Institute Standard and also the
United States Standard ;but, as it was designed by Mr.
Sellers, it should be known as the Sellers System. See
fig. 796.
SET
140
SEE
The following table gives the number of threads to the
inch and the proportion of the threads of the Sellers sys-
tem :
TABLE GIVING PROPORTIONS OF THE SELLERS SYSTEM OF
SPREW-THKEADS.
o
1
O
4
O
a
a
S*
:,c
P/c
a c a
§3
111
at
3'e-
g3
• CO
: O
B'SS
3 >-•&
o ©
\ o
5T;±©~
e CD ■-»
: si
: p^j
■> cc
n P
3
Bf&f
M»p.O
p CD *»
So
: co
; i
• o
" Ml
• a-
'. co
p
■ &
£ co S
© B
• So-
CD
O
: &
. -i
. CD
• P
£ © ©
P-S3
© 3
• CD
©
' 4
. ft
; eg.
p o
: B'S
o
: 8,2 !
(71
o
CD
: en
: «
CD
*1
• p "■
• &£
p o
as
M
20
.185
.0062
1
8
.837
.0156
A
18
.240
.0074
m
7
.940
.0178
%
16
.294
.0078
VA
7
1.065
.0178
A
14
.344
.0089
m
6
1.160
.0208
fc»
13
.400
.0096
1H
6
1.284
.0208
A
12
.454
.0104
i^
s%
1.389
.0227
%
11
.50?
.0113
i«
5
1.491
.0250
Vi
10
.620
.0125
i%
5
1.616
.0250
%
9
.731
.0138
2
Ws
1.712
.0277
Set of Spring's. 1. A set of springs means all the springs
for carrying the weight of one car. A set of bolster-
springs consists of the springs which are placed between
the truck-frames and carry the weight of the body only.
A set of equalizing-bar springs means all the springs for
a car on the equalizing-bars. A set of wheel or journal
springs means all the springs which are placed directly
over the journal-boxes of one car.
2. The amount of bend which is given to springs before
they are loaded. See 2, figs. 185-187.
Set of Wheels. This term means a number of wheels
sufficient for one car. A set of wheels and axles means
the requisite number of wheels fitted to axles complete
for one car.
Sextuplet of Springs. Six elliptic springs coupled to-
gether, side by side in a group, so as to act as one spring.
Similar to 80, figs. 122, 128.
Shackle-bar. A Coupling-link, which see.
Shad-bellied Tank. A Telescopic-tank, which see.
Shade. See Lamp-shade.
Shaft. " That part of a machine to which motion is com-
municated by torsion." — Webster. See
Horizontal Brake-shaft.
Lever-shaft.
Winding- shaft
Brake-shaft.
Crank-shaft.
Door-shaft.
Shaker. See Grate-shaker.
Shank. See Buffer-shank.
Sheathing. Boards which are tongued and grooved, and
SHE
141
SID
"with which the sides of cars are covered. See 52, figs.
55-65, 82, 84.
Sheave. A wheel, roller, or pulley over which a cord or
rope runs, or on which any object, as a door or window,
rolls. See
Bell-cord Sheave. Centre Brake-lever
Brake-lever Sheave. Sheave.
Brake-shaft-chain Door-sheave.
Sheave. Door-strap Sheave.
Sliding-door Sheave.
Shelf. See Spring-shelf.
Shell. See Berth-latch Shell.
Shoe. A plate, block, or piece of any material on or
against which an object moves, usually to prevent the
latter from being worn. See Brake-shoe. Door-shoe.
Short Floor-timber. An auxiliary timber used in a car-
floor, but not extending its whole length. See 5, fig. 57.
Short Seat-end. A seat-end which does not extend below
the seat or support it. See 2, fig. 400. See Long Seat-
end.
Shot. See Cold-shot.
Shunning. A term used in England to designate the act
of moving cars from one track to another, as in making
up or separating trains, and placing the cars on the
tracks and in the places where they are needed. See
Switching. Dialling. Regulating,
Side. See Clear-story Side. Ladder-side. Truck-side.
Side-bearings. Supports which are placed on each side of
the centre-pins of a car, and intended to prevent too much
rolling or rocking motion of the car-body. Usually
there is a plate of iron or steel attached to the body-bol-
ster on each side of the centre-pin which is called a body
side-bearing, and a corresponding plate, block, or roller
on the truck-bolster which is called the Truck Side-bear-
ing, which see. Generally there is a little space left be-
tween the bearings on the body and those on the truck,
so that the truck can turn freely on the centre-plate, al-
though in some cases the weight of the car-body rests on
the side-bearings instead of the centre-plates. See
Body Side-bearing. Rocker Side-bearing.
Cup Side-bearing^ Roller Side-bearing.
Truck Side-bearing.
Side-bearing Arch-bar. A Side-bearing Bridge, which
see.
Side-bearing Bridge. An iron bar, truss, or wooden
beam which is attached to the spring-beams of a six-
wheeled truck, and which supports the truck side-bear-
ing. See 62, figs. 129, 130.
Side-bearing Roller. A metal roller which forms a part
of a truck side-bearing and on which a body side-bear-
ing rests. These are not much used. See fig. 135.
Side Body-brace. An inclined beam or stick of timber in
SID
143
SID
the side-frame of a car-body, which acts as a brace. See
33, figs. 56, 69, 77, 82 ; 51, figs. 215, 229.
Side Body-brace Rod. An inclined iron rod in the side-
frame of a car-body which acts as a brace. See 34, fig.
61 ; 53, fig. 221.
Side-casting1. See Draw-bar Side-casting.
Side Fjot-rest. A metal plate fastened to a truss-plank
of a passenger-car, between ,the seats, for passengers to
rest their feet on. Such plates are also used over heater-
pipes as a guard to prevent the feet of passengers from
coming in contact with the hot pipes. See 10, fig.
401.
Side-frame, of a Car-body. The frame which forms the
whole side of a car-body. It includes the posts, braces,
plate, rail, girth, etc.
Side-frame, of a Truck. See Truck Side-frame. Diamond-
truck Side-frame.
£ide Joumal-sxDring. A spiral or rubber spring which
rests on a ledge on the side of a journal-box. These are
used chiefly on street-care, and in pairs, one spring being
placed on each side of a bos. See 6, figs. 750, 752.
Side-lamp. A lamp attached to the side of a passenger-
car. Such lamps are usually made with brackets by
which tbey can be conveniently fastened. The term is
used to distinguish side-lamps from centre-lamps which
are suspended from the centre of the ceilings of cars. See
figs. 474-476, 493.
Side-lamp Braces. Diagonal bars attached to a side-lamp
and to the side of a car to help to support the lamp. See
18, fig. 476.
Side-lamp Bracket. A metal bracket attached to the side
or a partition of a passenger-car, and which supports a
lamp. See 17, fig. 477.
Side-lamp Holder. A metal ring or bowl-shaped recepta-
cle usually attached to a bracket and used to hold a
lamp. See 16, fig. 477.
Side-pawl, for Creamer-brake. A pawl which acts on a
ratchet underneath the drum, and which prevents the
latter from reacting. See 10, figs. 646, 647.
Side-pulley. A small wheel or pulley in a bell-cord guide,
which is placed on the side of the bell-cord to guide it in
an inclined direction. -See 1, figs. 459, 464. See Bell-cord
Guide icith Side-pulley.
Side-rest, for Tip-car. A block of wood or metal on top
of the frame of a tip-car on which the body rests when it
is tipped. See 160, fig. 81.
Side-seat. A car-seat, the back of which is against the side
of a car. See Car-seat.
Side-step, for Street-car. A ledge usually made of a
wrought-iron plate and attached to the side of the plat-
SID
143
SIL
form of a street-car, and used as a step by persons in get-
ting on or off the car. See 114, figs. 750-753.
Side-stop, for Tip-ear. A cast-iron support attached to the
wheel-piece of a tip-car, on which the body rests, and by
which it is held in a horizontal position. See 162,
fig. 81.
Side-urinaL A urinal constructed with one flat side so
that it can conveniently be attached to a partition or side
of a car. See fig. 439.
Side Urinal-handle. A handle attached to the side of a
water-closet. See fig. 442. See also Corner Urinal-han-
dle. Urinal-handle.
Siding. See Sheathing.
Signal-bell. A saucer-shaped bell attached to the platform
hood of a street-car. One of these is placed over each
platform of the car, the front one being intended to
signal to the driver and the rear one to the conductor.
They are rung by a tongue or clapper, to which a strap is
attached which extends from one platform to the other,
so that the front bell.can be rung from the back platform
and the back bell from the front platform, or either bell
can be rung from the inside of the car. See 97, fig. 750 ;
2, fig. 766. A similar bell used on locomotives is also
called a signal-bell.
Signal-bell Clapper. A hammer attached to a signal-bell
to strike and ring it. See 1, fig. 766.
Signal-bell Frame. A frame by which a street-car signal-
bell is attached to the roof of the car. See 3, fig. 766.
Signal-gong. A Signal-bell, which see.
Signal-lamp. A lamp used for giving signals. See
Double - lens Tail-lamp. Tail - lamp. Train Signal-
lamp.
Signal-strap. A Bell-strap, which see,
Sill. 1. "Properly, the basis or foundation of a thing;.
appropriately, a piece of timber on which a building
rests. The lowest timber in any structure, as the sills of
a house, of a bridge, of a loom, and the like.
2. ' ' The timber or stone at the foot of a door ; the
threshold.
3. "The timber or stone on which a window- frame
stands, or the lowest piece in a window-frame." — Web-
ster.
4. In car-building, the main outside longitudinal tim-
ber of a car- body, into which the body-posts of box and
passenger cars are framed and on which the floor rests.
See 1, figs. 55-84, 215-231 ; 8, figs. 750-752. Also, see
Clear-story End-sill. End-sill.
Clear-story Sill. Inside Window-sill.
Boor-sill. Platform sill.
Window-sill.
Sill-and-plate Rod. A vertical iron rod which passes
through the sill and plate of a car-body frame and ties
SIL
144
SLA
the two together. See 36, figs. 61, 64, 69, 71, 72, 77 ;
54, figs. 215, 216, 221.
Sill Knee-iron. An |_-shaped cr right-angled iron casting
or forging bolted into the inside comer of a car-frame to
strengthen it. See 9, figs. 62, 64 ; 8, fig. 220.
Single-lever Brake. A brake which has but one lever to
a truck or four-wheeled car, as shown in fig. 637. In
some, cases, such brakes are applied to but one of the
trucks of a car ; in other cases, to uoth. An objection to
this form of brake is that the pressure is not equal on
each brake-beam ; and, therefore, to overcome this
difficulty, two levers are used, and the brake, as shown
in fig. 638, is then called a Double-lever BraMe, which see.
Sill-step. A bent bar of iron attached to the sill of a car,
below the ladder, and which forms a step for getting to
or from the ladder. See 33, figs. 55-84.
Sill-step Stay. A diagonal iron rod or bar attached by
one end to one of the floor-timbers and by the other to a
sul-step to stiffen the latter. See 31, figs. 73, 75, 82, 84.
Sill Tie-rod. A transverse tie-rod in the floor of a car for
holding the sills together. See 10, figs. 74, 76, 83 ; 9, figs.
215-231; 11, figs. 750, 751.
Single Pipe-strap. An iron band bent or formed in a U~
shape to hold a pipe on a flat surface with screws in
serted in ears or lugs on the strap. See fig. 616.
Single-plate Wheel. A cast-iron wheel with a centre
made of a single plate of metal with ribs cast on the
back. See figs. 154-158.
Single-screw Turnbuckle. A tumbuckle shaped like
a link of a chain with a screw at one end and a swivel
at the other. See fig. 790.
Single Window-blind. A blind which is made in one
piece or section and large enough for one window.
Single Window-blind Lift. A metal finger-hold attached
to the bottom rail of a single window-blind for raising
and lowering it. It is the same as a window-lift but at-
tached to a window-blind. See fig. 322. See Double
Window-blind Lift. Window-blind Lift.
Single Window-sash Spring. A metal plate attached at
one end to the edge of the stile of a window sash or blind
to prevent it from rattling. See fig. 303.
Sink. See Wash-stand Sink.
Skew-back A casting on the end of a truss or a trussed-
beam, and to "which a truss-rod is fastened. It is usually
made in the form of a cap, and forms a bearing for the
truss-rod nuts. See 7, figs. 808, 809. See also Truss-rod
Washer.
Slab. See Wash-stand Slab.
Slat. A narrow piece of board or timber. See Seat-bacI;
Slat. Seat-slat. Window-blind Slat.
Slat Cattle-car. A car for carrying cattle, the sides of
SLA
145
SLI
■which are inclosed with slats. See figs. 15, 69-72. See
also Box Cattle-car. Cattle-car.
Slat-seat. A seat composed of narrow strips of wood.
These are usually placed longitudinally on the seats with
a space between them.
Slat Seat-hack. A back of a seat made with narrow strips
of w ood.
Sleeping-car. A car provided with sleeping-bertns or beds
for the use of passengers at nighr. These berths are
movable so that they can be changed to ordinary seats
for use in the day-time, as shown in figs. 296, 297. 29S.
See fig. 1.
Sleeping-car Section. The space in a sleeping-car, which
usually is occupied by two double-seats in day-time and by
two berths or beds at night. In figs. 296, 297, two sections
are shown, and in fig. 298, one.
Sleeve. See Piston- sleeve. Stake-sleeve.
Sliding-door. A door which is opened by sliding sideways
instead of swinging on hinges. Such doors are shown in
figs. 55, 60, 61, 69.
Sliding-door Bracket. A Door-track Bracket, which see.
Sliding-door Friction-roller. A small wheel attached to
the top of a sliding-door to make it" run easily. It does
not carry the weight of the door, but its purpose is to re-
duce the friction of the top of the door in case it comes in
contact with the door guides. See fig. 765.
Sliding-door Handle. A handle attached to a sliding-
door and made of such a shape that the door can con-
veniently be moved by taking hold of the handle. See
6, figs. 530, 532.
Sliding-door Handle, for Street-cars. A handle attached
to a latch for opening and closing street-car doors. See
91, fig. 753 ; fig. 759.
Sliding-door Holder, for Street-cars. A metal hook by
which a sliding-door of a street-car is fastened on the in-
side. See fig. 762.
Sliding-docr-holder Catch. A metal plate, eye, or keeper,
which is attached to a door-post of a street-car, and into
which a sliding-door holder engages so as to hold the
door shut. See fig. 763.
Sliding-door Latch. A latch made with a hook instead of
a bolt, for fastening sliding-doors. See figs. 530, 760.
Sliding-door-latch Keeper. A metal plate or hook at-
tached to a door-post into or with which a slidmg-door
latch engages. See fig. 761.
Sliding-door-latch Plates. Metal plates, usually made of
brass, which are placed on each side of a sliding-door,
and which form bearings for the latch arbor. Used on
street-cars. See 92, fig. 753 ; 1, fig. 759.
Sliding-door Lock. A lock made especially for fastening
sliding-doors. Such locks usually have a hook which en-
gages in a corresponding catch attached to the door-post.
SLI
146
SNO
The hook is secured in connection with the catch by means
of a bolt which is operated by a key. See fig. 529.
Sliding-door Sheave. See Door-sheave.
Sliding-door Track. See Door-track.
Slide-valve, for Triple-valve of WesUnghouse Car-brake.
A small D-shaped valve, which forms a portion of the
working parts of a triple-valve. See 12, fig. 704 ; fig. 714.
Smith "Vacuum-brake. A system of continuous brakes,
invented and patented by Mr. J. Y. Smith, which is oper-
ated by exhausting the air from flexible india-rubber
cylinders or bags, resembling the bellows of an accor-
dion, which are placed under each car. One end or
head of these cylinders is attached to the car-body and the
other is connected by a rod to a system of brake-levers.
When the air is exhausted from the cylinder the press-
ure of the air on the outside of the movable head is com-
municated to the brake-levers and thence to the brake-
shoes. The air is exhausted by an ejector on the engine,
which is connected with the india-rubber cylinders by
pipes and flexible hose between the cars. See figs. 653.
654.
Smoke-belL A cover or screen, which is made of glass,
porcelain, or metal, shaped somewhat like a bell, and
placed over a lamp to protect the ceiling of a car or room
from the heat and smoke of the lamp. See 13, figs. 471,
472.
Srnoke-jaek. See Lamp-jack. Stove-pipe Jack.
Smoke-pipe, for Spear Heater. The pipe by which the
smoke is conducted from a Spear heater to the outside of
the car. The stove-pipe of a Spear heater is called a
smoke-pipe to distinguish it from the cold-air pipe. See
4, figs. 550, 551, 563.
Smoke-pipe Cap, for Spear Heater. A covering on top of
the smoke-pipe to exclude rain and wind. See 5, figs.
550-553.
Smoke-pipe Casing, for Spear Heater. An outside pipe
which incloses a smoke-pipe leaving a space between the
two through which ah- is admitted from the top and de-
scends and circulates around the smoke-pipe and the
stove and is thus warmed. See 8, fig. 552. See also
Perforated Smoke-pipe Casing.
Smoke-top, for Baker Car-lieater. The upper part of a
Baker heater, which is made of Russia iron, and is of a
conical form. See 12, fig. 581 ; fig. 593.
Snow-flanger. A bar of iron or steel attached to a car or
engine to scrape away snow and ice on the sides of the
heads of the rails so as to make room for the flanges of
the wheels.
Snow-plow. "A machine operated like a plow, but on a
larger scale, for clearing away the snow from railroads."
— Webster. The parts of a snow-plow corresponding
with the plow-share and mould-board of an ordinary plow
?NO
147
SPE
are mounted on running gear similar to that used for
freight-cars. See fig. 34. Snow-plows are also attached
to the ccw-catchers of locomotives.
Snow-scraper. A plate or bar of iron or steel attached to
an engine or car to scrape away the snow and ice from
the rails. See A, fig. 33.
Soap-dish. A dish or receptacle for holding soap on a
wash-stand. See fig. 387.
Soap-hclder. A bracket with a receptacle attached for
holding soap near a wash-stand. Such brackets are usu-
ally attached to a partition or the side of the car. See
fig. 386.
Socket. " Any hollow thing or place which receives and
holds»something else.'" — Webster. See
Bevth-eurtain-rod Flag-holder Socket.
Socket. Revolving-chair-stand
Chair-leg Socket. Socket.
Socket-castor. A castor attached to a metal socket which
fits on the end of a chair, table, or sofa leg, etc. See fig.
390.
Socket-washer. A large washer with a cavity to receive
the head or nut of a bolt or red so that it will not project
beyond the surface of the wood to which it is attached.
Also called cup-washer. See fig. 788.
Sofa-boit. A sliding bolt used for holding a sofa in a sleep-
ing or drawing-room car in its place.
Sofa-bolt Keeper. A plate into which a sofa-bolt en-
gages.
Sofa-castor. A castor intended for the leg of a sofa. See
Castor. See fig. 391.
Sofa-hinge. A hinge by which the seat and back of a sofa
are fastened together so that they can be changed from
a sofa into a bed. See fig. 350. See Seat-hinge.
Soffit-board. A board which forms the under side or ceil-
ing of some subordinate part or member of a building or
a car, as of a staircase or cornice. See Clear-story Soffit-
board.
Soil-hopper. A metal or porcelain hopper used in water-
closets. See fig. 440.
Solid-head Coupling-pin. A coupling-pin, the head of
which is made solid ; that is, without a hole or opening in
it. See Eye-head Coupling-pin. See fig. 274.
Solid-leather Bell-cord. See Bell-cord.
Spear Anti-clinker Car-heaters. Heaters or stoves man-
ufactured by Mr. James Spear, of Philadelphia, for-
heating cars, and made with a sheet-iron outside cas-
ing which leaves au air-space between the stove and
casing, into wThich a current of air is admitted, and is
warmed by coming in contact with the stove, and then
escapes into the car. Several different patterns of these
heaters are made, designated by the manufacturers as
patterns -.4, B, C, and D, and represented by figs. 550v
SPE
148
SPI
551, 552. 553. In fig 550, or pattern A, the cold air is
admitted through a hood 1, 1, on top of the car, and is
carried down to the bottom of the stove by a pipe,
2, 2, and then circulates around the pipe, as shown by
the darts in the section, fig. 554, and enters the car
through a hot-air pipe, 3, figs. 550, 554, which extends
the whole length of the car. with registers at each seat.
In pattern B. fig. 551, the hot-air pipe is not used, the
warmed air escaping directly into the car through open-
ings in the base of the stove. In pattern C, fig. 552, an
independent cold-air pipe is not used, but the smoke-pipe
is inclosed in a casing, with a space between the two,
through which the cold air descends and passes over the
stove and escapes at the base, as shown by the darts. In
pattern D, fig. 553, no hood is used on top of the car, but
the cold air enters the air-space from the inside of the
car at the base of the stove and escapes at the top, as
shown by the darts.
The " anti-clinker'' feature of these heaters consists in
a peculiarly-arranged grate, shown in the section, fig,
554, with an annular opening between it and the base of
the stove, through which the clinkers can be removed
from the grate.
Spear Stove. See Spear Anti-clinker Car-lieater.
Spider. See Centre Brake-lever Spider.
Spindle. See Door-latch Spindle.
Spiral-elliptic Seat-spring. A spring made of a thin band
of steel and wound on a spiral-coil, the transverse section
of which is elliptical. See fig. 413.
Spiral Seat-spring. A light spiral-spring made of wire for
upholstering car-seats. See fig. 412.
Spiral-spring. A spring made of a metal rod or bar coiled
in the form of the thread of a screw, so that it can be
compressed or extended in the direction of the axis
around which it is coiled. See figs. 189-212. See
Compound Spiral-spring. Quadruple-coil Spiral-
Cluster-spring.
Dinsmore Spiral-spring.
Double-coil Nest-spring.
Edge-rolled Spiral-
spring.
Equal-bar Nest-spring.
Flat-bar Spiral-spring.
Croup-spring.
Half-round-bar Spiral-
spring.
Hibba rd-sp ring.
Keg-shaped Spiral-
spring.
Nest-spring.
spring.
Round-bar Spiral-spring.
Rubber-centre Spiral-
spring.
Spiral-elliptic Seat-
spring.
Spiral Seat-spring.
Spool-shaped Spiral-
spring.
Square-bar Spiral-
spring.
Triple-coil Nest-spring.
Wool-packed Spiral-
spring.
Paragon Spiral-spring.
Spiral-spring Cap. A casting or plate which forms a
SPI
149
SPR
bearing for the top of a spiral-spring, and which also
holds it in its place. See 4, figs. 192, 193, 206, 208,210,
212.
Spiral-Spring Seat. A casting or plate which forms a
bearing for the bottom of a spiral-spring, and which also
holds it in its place. See 3, figs. 192, 193, 206, 208, 210,
211, 212.
Spiral "Window-sash Spring. A spring made of iron bent
into a spiral form and let into the edge of the stile of a
window or blind sash to prevent it from rattling. See fig.
304.
Spittoon. A vessel to receive discharges of spittle and
other abominations. See fig. 388.
Splash-board. Aboard attached in an inclined position
on the inside of passenger-car steps. It serves'veiy much
the same purpose as the risers of steps, and prevents
mud and dirt being thrown on the steps by the wheels
and from the track. See 49, figs. 219, 223.
Splice. "The union of ropes by interweaving the
strands." — Webster. Hence, any appliance by which the
ends of a rope, cord, beam, or bar are united. See Bell-
cord Splice.
Spoke. "One of the radial arms which connect the hub
with the rim of a wheel.*' — Knight.
Spoke-wheeL A wheel the rim or tire of which is con-
nected with the hub by spokes instead of one or more
plates. These spokes are sometimes made of solid cast-
iron, in others they are cast hollow, and in still others
are made of wrought-iron. See Hollow-spoke Wheel.
Hand-car Wheel. Wrought-iron Wheel.
Spool-shaped Spiral-spring. A spring wound into a coil
the form oi which resembles a spool on which thread is
wound. This form was patented by "W. P.' Hansell in
1874 and 1875. See fig. 197.
Spring, One or more elastic bodies used to resist sudden
concussion, as the springs on which the weight of a car
rests, or the buffer or seat springs. Springs are also used
to prod ace motion in the reverse direction to that caused
by a force applied in some other way, as the brake-
springs.and the spring of a door-latch. See
Auxiliary Buffer-spring. Combination Elliptic-
Berth-spring. spring.
Body-spring. Compound Spiral-spring^
Bolster-spring. Couplet of Springs.
Brake-hose Coupling- Coupling-spring,
valve Spring. Dinsmore Spiral-spring..
Brake-spring. Double-coil Nest-spring.
Buffer-spring. Double Release-spring.
Candle-spring. Double Window-sash
Car-spring. Spring.
Cluster-spring. Door-latch Spring.
SPH
150
SPE,
Door-lock-bolt Spring.
Draft-spring.
Draw-spring.
Edge-rolled Spiral-
spring.
Elliptic-spring.
Equal-bar Nest-spring.
Equalizing -bar Spring.
Eureka Edge-rolled
Spiral-spring.
Flat-bar Spiral-spring.
Graduating-spring for
Triple-valve.
■Group-spring.
Gum-spring.
Half Elliptic-spring.
Half-round-bar Spiral-
spring.
Hibbard-spring.
India-rubber Car-spring.
Journal-box-cover Spring.
Journal-spring.
Keg-shaped Spiral-spring.
Lateral-motion Spring.
Mirror-frame Spring.
Nest-spring.
Paragon Spiral-spring.
Quadruple-coil Spiral-
spring.
Quadruplet of Springs.
Quintuplet of Springs.
Release-spring.
Sou nd-bar Spiral-spring.
Rubber-centre Spiral-
spring.
Safety-grate Spring.
Sash-spring.
Seat-back Spring.
Seat-lock Spring.
Seat-spring.
Set of Springs.
Sextuplet of Springs.
Side Journal-spring.
Single Window-sash
Spring.
Sp iral-elliptic Seat-
spring.
Spiral Seat-spring.
Spiral-spring.
Spiral Window-sash
Spring.
Volute-springs.
Vose Graduated-spring.
Window-blind Spring,
Wool-packed Spiral-
spring.
Window-latch Spring.
Window-sash Spring.
Spool-shaped Spiral-
spring.
Square-bar Spiral-
spring.
Swing-bolster Spring.
Swing-motion Spring.
Triple-coil Nest-spring.
Triplet of Springs.
Spring-band. A wrought-iron strap which embraces the
plates of an elliptic or semi-elliptic spring at the centre.
See 1, figs. 185-187.
Spring-beam. A transverse timber which rests on top of
the body-springs of a six-wheeled truck. There are two
such beams to each truck, on which the bolster-bridges
which support the bolster rest. See 42, figs. 129, 130.
Spring-block. A piece of wood used as a distance-piece
above or below a spring. See 76, figs. 121, 126.
Spring-bracket. See Tender-spring Bracket for Westing-
house-brake.
Spring-burner. A lamp-burner to which the chimney is
fastened by a spring. See fig. 482.
Spring-cap. A cup-shaped piece of cast or wrought iron
for holding the top of a spring and against which the
latter bears. See Bolster-spring Cap. Equalizing-bar
Spring-cap. Spiral-spring Cap.
Spring-case. A cast-iron box made in two parts to hold
SPR,
151
SPR,
one or more spiral or india-rubber springs. See rig. 210.
The upper portion, 4, of the case is called a Spring-cap
and the lower portion, 3, a Spring-seat, which see.
Spring Door-latch. A latch for a door, the bolt of which
is thrown into contact with a catch by a spring and is
disengaged by a knob or handle. Such latches are not
arranged so as to be fastened with a key. See fig. 526.
Spring' Door-lock A lock with a bolt which is moved by
a spring so as to engage with its keeper, and which is
disengaged from the outside with a key, but can be
opened from the inside without one. Often called a
night-latch. See fig. 527.
Spring Draw-clevis. A draw-clevis which can slide lon-
gitudinally and whose movement is resisted by a spring,
so as to give it elasticity when subjected to tension.
Used chiefly on street-cars. The term is used to distin-
guish such a draw-clevis from one which is attached
rigidly to a car without a spring.
Spring Draw-hook. A draw-hook which can slide longi-
tudinally, and whose movement is resisted by a spring,
so as to give it elasticity when subjected to tension.
Used chiefly on street-cars. The term is used to distin-
guish such a draw-hook from one which is attached rig-
idly, without a spring, to a car.
Spring-hanger. A bar or U -shaped iron strap which sus-
tains the end of a semi-elliptic spring. See 170, fig. 82 ;
102, fig. 127.
Spring-hanger Iron. A bent bar of iron or knee fastened
to a pedestal timber or wheel-piece, and to which the
spring-hangers are attached. See 171, fig. 82.
Spring-padlock. A padlock, the hasp of which is locked
without a key when pressed into the lock.
Spring-plank. A transverse timber underneath a truck-
bolster and on which the bolster-springs rest. See 43,
figs. 91-104, 108-129. Also see Framed Spring-plank.
Swing Spring-plank.
Spring-plank Bearing. A casting on which a spring-
plank rests, and which is supported by the lower swing-
hanger pivot. See 44, figs. 108-127.
Spring-plank Safety-strap. A (J -shaped strap of iron at-
tached to the transoms of a truck, and which embraces
or passes under the spring-plank, so as to hold it up in
case the swing-hangers or their attachments should break.
See 45, figs. 118-126.
Spring-plank Timber. A timber forming one of the sides
of a framed spring-plank. See fig. 134.
Spring-pocket. See Draw-bar Spring-pocket.
Spring-pocket Draw-bar. A draw-bar with an opening
or "pocket" at the back end in which the draw-spring is
placed. See figs. 257-259, 268, 269, 270.
Spring-saddle. A f)"snaPe(l bar of wrought-iron, which
SPK, 153
is placed on top of a journal-bos and on -which a spring
rests. See 103, fig. 127. On street-cars it has projecting
ledges, thus n, and the springs rest on the ledges on
each side of the box. See 7, fig. 750.
Spring -seat. A plate or cup-shaped piece of cast or
wrought iron on which the bottom of a spring rests. See
Bolster-spring Seat. Equalizing-bar Spring-seat. Spiral-
spring Seat.
Spring-shelf. A ledge or bracket cast on the side of a
journal-box of a street-car and on which a side journal-
box spring rests.
Spring-stud. A round iron bar which rests on the top of
the journal-box or spring-seat of street-cars and passes
through the centre of a spiral or rubber spring. The
cipper end works in a guide and thus holds the spring in
its place. A similar bar has been used on steam-cars
for transmitting the weight from the spring to the jour-
nal-box.
Spring "Window-holder. A metal spring which is at-
tached to a window-post to hold up a window or window-
blind. See fig. 305.
Spring-yoke. A Spring-saddle, which see.
Sprue. The piece of metal which fills the gate or channel
through which the metal is poured in making a casting.
This piece is broken off when the casting is cooled. The
gate of a mould is often called a sprue.
STA
Sprue-hoLe. A gate of a mould for casting metals.
Squab-cushion. A cushion formed of a bag or case stuffed
with curled hair or other elastic material. Such cushions
are not attached to the seat, but are loose, and laid on
the seat-bottom.
Square-bar Spiral-spring. A spiral-spring made of a
square bar of metal. See figs. 194, 195.
Square Door-bolt. A door-bolt made of a square bar of
metal. See fig. 514.
Square Neck-door-bolt. A door-bolt made of a square
bar of metal, and with an offset, or "neck," in the bar,
as shown in fig. 515.
Staff. See Brake-staff. Ventilator-staff.
Stake. A stick of wood attached to the side or end of a
platform-car to keep the material with which it is loaded
from falling off. See 1, 1, fig. 21.
Stake-hook. A hook on the side of a platform-car to hold
a stake in an upright position. See 3, fig. 21.
Stake-pocket. A cast-iron receptacle attached to the side
or end of a platform or flat car to receive the end of a
stake. See 1, 1, figs. 19, 20, 86, 87.
Stake-pocket U-b°lt. A U-boltused for fastening stake-
pockets to the sides of platform-cars. See 2, fig. 86.
Stake-rest. A bracket or support on which a stake of a
platform-car rests when it is turned down horizontally.
See 2, fig. 21.
STA
153
STE
Stake-sleeve. A casting with an opening to receive a
stake, and a horn-shaped projection to hold the hinged
side of a platf omi or gondola car. The sleeve is placed
on the stake, as shown at 2, fig. 87.
Stanchion. The primary meaning of this term is a prop
or support. On shipboard it is used to designate a metal
post hanger or support with an eye in one end which
carries a rope, railing, etc. As applied to car and loco-
motive work it has a similar meaning, and is used to
designate a metal post or hanger with an eye in one end,
which holds a rod or other object, as a hand-rail or
curtain-rod. The opposite end is usually fastened by a
nut, or with a flange or lugs which form a part of the
stanchion. See fig. 436. Also see Window-curtain-rod
Stanchion.
Stand. ' ; Something on which a thing rests or is laid." —
Webster. See
Radiator-stand. Seat-stand.
Revolving-chair Stand. Wash-bowl Stand.
Water-cooler Stand.
Standard Car-azle. See Master Car-builders' Standard-
axle.
Standard, for Cross-bar of Creamer-brake. An upright
brace fastened to the platform of a car and which sup-
ports one of the cross-bars. See 14, fig. 646.
Standard-gauge. The usual distance between the rails of
railroads in this country, which is 4 ft. 8% in. See
Gauge.
Standard System of Screw-threads. See Sellers System
of Screw-threads, also called the Franklin Institute Sys-
tem of Screw-threads, Pipe-threads,' and United States
Standard System of Screw-threads. Whitworth System
of Screw-threads.
Staple. A U_sriaPe,l piece of wrought-iron pointed at the
ends to be driven into wood to hold a hasp, hook, pin,
etc.
Stay. Abeam, bar, rod, etc., by which two or more ob-
jects are connected together to prevent lateral deviation
of one or both of them. See
Body Queen-post Stay. Pipe-stay.
Lamp-stay. Sill-step Stay.
Stay-rod. A rod which acts as a stay. See Pedestal Stay-
rod.
Steam-car. A term used to designate cars drawn in trains
by steam-power, to distinguish them from street-cars,
which are usually drawn by animal power.
Steam-cylinder, for Westinghouse-brake. A hollow cast-
iron cylinder which is accurately bored out on the inside
to receive a piston which works the air-pump for a
Westinghouse-brake. The cylinder has suitable pas-
sages cast with it for admitting and exhausting the
steam. See 3, figs. 655, 656, 664, 665 ; fig. 667.
STE
154
STE
Steam-cylinder Head, for Westinglwuse-brake. A cast-
iron cover for the top of the steam-cylinder of the engine
used to -work the air-pump of a Westinghouse-brake. See
2, figs. 664, 665 ; fig. 6G6.
Steam-pipe, for Engine of Westinghouse-brake. A pipe
for conveying steam from the boiler to the steam-cylin-
der of the engine and air-pump. See 6, fig. 655 ; 45, fig.
664, 665.
Steam-piston, for Engine of Westinghouse-brake. An ar-
rangement of a cast-iron disc with packing-rings, etc.,
made so as to fit air-tight and work up snd down in the
steam-cylinder of an engine for a Westinghouse-brake.
See 7', fig, 665 ; fig, 671. The cast-iron disc is called a
piston-head.
Steam Piston-head, for Engine of Westinghouse-brake.
A short cast-iron cylinder or disc with grooves turned in
the edge to receive packing-rings, and which forms the
main portion of the piston in a steam-cylinder. See 7',
figs. 665, 671.
Steam-valve, for Engine of Westinghouse-brake. See
Upper and Lower Main Steam-valves.
Steam-valve Bushing. See Upper and Lower Steam-valve
Bushing.
Steeled-wheel. A wheel made of cast-iron to which a pro-
portion of steel has been added. The process has been
patented by Mr. "W. G. Hamilton.
Steel-tired Wheel. A wheel with a steel tire. In some-
cases, the tire is welded to the body or centre of the wheel,
which is made of cast iron. Usually, however, it is eithir
bolted or shrunk on. Figs. 174-177 and 1S0-183 represent
steel-tired wheels.
Steel-wheeL A wheel which is made wholly of steel-
See figs. 178, 179.
Stem. See Buffer-stem. Graduating-stem. Reversing-
valve Stem.
Step. 1. A ledge in stairs, or a round or rung in a
ladder.
2. A foot-piece for ascending or descending to or from
a car or other vehicle, or for standing in certain places or
positions.
3. The bottom support on which the lower end of a tim-
ber or of an upright shaft or wheel rests. See
Box-steps. Lo.-tgitudinal-step.
Brake-shaft Step.' Platform-steps.
Brake-step. Roof-step.
Enclosed-step. Side-step.
End-step. Sill-step.
Tank-step.
Step Hand-rail. One or two rails attached to the step of a
street-car when no platform is used. The rails are at-
tached at the lower ends to the step and extend up di-
STE
155
STO
agonally, and are fastened at their upper ends to the
door-posts. See 2, fig. 41.
Step-hanger. A wrought-iron rod or bar by which the
steps are supported from the corner of a car and from
the platform-timber. See 48, figs. 215, 217, 219, 223.
Step-iron. A flat iron bar. which is bent so as to conform
to the shape of the platform-steps and their risers and to
which they are fastened. It is bolted at the upper end to
the platform-timber. See 47, figs. 215, 217, 219, 223.
Step-railing. An iron bar attached to posts on the back
end of a street-car step, on which there is no platform, to
assist passengers in getting on and off the car. It also
prevents passengers frcm being thrown off the step if
the car is started suddenly.
Step-riser. The vertical portion of a step in stairs. See 5,
fig. 244.
Stevens Brake. An arrangement of brake-levers invented
by F. A. Stevens and patented in 1852. It consists of
two levers on each truck, tho short arms of which are
connected together by a rod in the usual way, the long
arm on one of chese, on each truck, is connected by a
rod and chain with the brake-shaft, and the long arms of
the other two are connected together by a rod so that
the brakes can be applied from either end of the car, and
the pressure is equalized on all the wheels. See fig. 643.
Stile. An upright piece on the outer edge of framing or
paneling, as of a door or sash. See
Door-stile. Window-blind Stile.
Sash-stile. Window-stile.
Stirrup. A kind of ring or bent bar of iron resembling
somewhat the stirrup of a saddle. See Draw-bar Stir-
rup.
Stirrup-block, for Miller-platform. A block attached to
one of the centre-sills next to the platform end-timber, to
receive the bolts which hold the draw-bar stirrup. See
30, figs. 282, 283.
Stock-car. A Cattle-car, which see.
Stop. That which prevents or limits the movement of
any object. See
Brake-lever Stop. Seat-back Curved-stop.
Blind-stop. Seat-back Round-stop.
Centre-stop. Seat-back Stop.
Closed-door Stop. Ventilator-stop.
Door-stop. Window-blind Stop.
Draw-bar Stop. Window-latch Loiver-
Draw-spring Stop. Stop.
Inside Window-stop. Window-latch Stop.
Open-door Stop. Window-latch Upper-
Outside Window-stop. Stop.
Sash-stop. Window-stop.
Stop, for Miller Coupling-hook. A casting attached to the
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156
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platform end-timbers of a car for the purpose of limiting
the lateral movement of the hook on the adjoining car.
See 13, figs. 282, 284, 285.
Stop-bolt. See Discharge-valve Stop-bolt.
Stop-brace, for Miller Coupling-hook. An iron bar at-
tached to the lower end of a stop, and extending back-
ward and upward and fastened at the other end to one
of the draw-timbers. See 14, figs. 282-285.
Stop-cock, for Brake-pipe of Westinghouse-brake. A
faucet attached to the brake-pipe of a "Westinghouse
automatic-brake so that the pipe can be closed if the
brake-hose are uncoupled. In the latter case, if the com-
pressed-air is allowed to escape from the brake-pipe, the
brakes would be applied. The stop-cock is used to pre-
vent the brakes from being applied in case a car is de-
tached from the train. See 29, fig. 661 ; fig. 733.
Stop Journal-bearing. A journal-bearing with a lug or
projection which bears against the end of the axle to re-
sist its lateral motion and wear. See fig. 145.
Stop-key. See Journal-bearing Stop-key.
Stop-key Journal-bearing. A journal-bearing which has
a key to which a stop-plate is attached to resist the lat-
eral motion and end-wear of the axle. See figs. 147-150.
Stop-latch. A spring door-latch with an attachment by
which the latch can be fastened on one side. See figs.
527, 528. Also see Saloon Stop-latch.
Stop-plate, for Journal. A metal plate in the inside of a.
journal-box which forms an end-bearing for the axle
and checks its end-motion. The plate is either held in
position by flanges cast in the box, or is attached to the
journal-bearing or its key. See 3, figs. 146, 148, 149.
Stop-wedge. See Journal-bearing Stop-key. Stop-key
Journal-bearing.
Stove. An apparatus made usually of iron variously con-
structed, in "which a fire is made for warming a room,
house, or car by direct radiation. See 128, figs. 216, 220 ;
figs. 543-548. When the warming is effected by con-
vection, as with warm air, hot water, etc. , the apparatus
is called a heater. See
Chilson Stove. Egg-shaped Stove.
Cylindrical Stove. Spear Stove.
Winslow Car-stove.
Stove-pipe. A tube, usually of sheet-iron, for conveying
the smoke from a stove or heater and for creating a draft
through the fire.
Stove-pipe Damper. A valve in the stove-pipe for regu-
lating the draft of air through the fire.
Stove-pipe Damper-handle. A handle for moving a stove-
pipe damper.
Stove-pipe Jack. A covering or bomiet for the aperture
of a stove-pipe on the outside of a car. See 129, fig-
218 ; 5, figs. 550-553.
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157
STR
Stove-pipe King'. A metal plate or ring attached to the
ceiling of a passenger-car around the opening through
which the stove-pipe passes from the inside to the out-
side of the car. It is used for ornament or "to make
a finish " around the opening for the stove-pipe. See fig.
549.
Stove-plate. See Bottom Stove-plate.
Stove-ring. A Stove-pipe Ring, which see.
Straight-tank, for Tank-car. A cylindrical tank made
with two rings or plates of metal placed alternately in-
side and outside of each other, as in fig. 73. See also
Telescope-tank.
Strainer. See Air-strainer.
Straining-rod. See Brace Straining-rod.
Strap. A long narrow strip of leather, cloth, or metal.
See
Axle Safety-strap. Door-strap.
Bell-cord Strap. Double Pipe-strap.
Bell-strap. Hand-strap.
Braize Safety-strap. Pipe-strap.
Dash-guard Strap. Roof-strap.
Diagonal Roof-strap. Safety-strap.
Signal-strap.
Strap, for Drop-door Beam. A wrought-iron band at-
tached to the top of a drop-door beam and extending
downward on the outside of the car to strengthen the
connection of the beam with the sides of the car, and pro-
tect it from wear in loading the car. See 127, figs. 77-79.
Strap, or Lug-bolt. A round bolt with a flat bar of iron
welded to it, and usually with a hook on the end which
serves the purpose of a head. Sometimes the flat bar has
holes in it, by which it is attached to a piece of timber
or other object by one or more separate bolts or screws.
See fig. 780.
Strap-hanger. See Bell-cord Double Strap-hanger. Bell-
cord Strap-hanger.
Strap-hinge. A door-binge the two parts of which are
made longer than those of a butt-hinge, and of a trian-
gular shape. See fig. 512.
Street-car. A light car, usually with four wheels, con-
structed for carrying passengers on street-railroads and
generally drawn by horses. See figs. 36-42. See
Double-deck Street-car. One-horse Street-car.
Excursion Street-car. Reversible Street-car.
Fare-box Street-ear. Summer Street-car.
Top-seat Street-car.
Street-car Axle. A light axle used under street-cars. See
2, figs. 750-753.
Street-car Wheel. A light cast-iron, single-plate wheel
made for street-cars. See figs. 170-173 ; 1, figs. 750, 753.
See also Open-plate Wheel.
Striker. See Match-striker.
STR,
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SUN
Striker-arm. A Seat-back Arm, which, see.
Striker-plate. A keeper for a door latch or lock. See
Keeper, Door-latch Keeper.
String-hoard. A Tertical board which supports the ends
. of passenger-car steps.
Stringer. In Carpentry : "A horizontal timber connect-
ing posts in a frame, as a tie-timber of a truss-bridge ;
a horizontal tie in a floor-framing." — Knight. This term
is often applied to the Floor-timbers, which see.
Strip. See
Diagonal Roof-strip. Parting-strip
Lining-strip. Roof-strip.
Panel-strip. Sash-parting Strip.
Strut. An inclined bar, beam, or member of a frame. A
• truss or girder, etc., which is subjected to a strain of
compression. A vertical strut in a truss, etc. , is called a
post ; 8, 9, in figs. SOS, 807, 809, are struts.
Stud. 1. In Building : "A small piece of timber or joist
inserted in the sills and beams between the posts to sup-
port the beams or other main timbers. The boards on
the outside and the laths on the inside of a building are
also nailed to the studs.*' — Webster.
2. In car construction, a short vertical wooden post
placed between the -window-posts in the sides or ends of
passenger and street cars below the windows. They ex-
tend from the sills to the window-sills. See 60, figs. 215,
221 ; 16, fig. 750.
3. A standing bolt, pin, boss, or protuberance designed,
to hold an attached object in place. See
Brake-block Suspending- Eccentric-lever Stud,
stud. Spring-stud.
Suspending-stud.
Stud, for Jointed Side-pawl of Creamer-brake. A stand-
ing bolt attached to the cross-bars which acts as a pivot
for the jointed side-pawl. See 13, fig. 646.
Suburban Excursion-car. A car with open sides and ends,
which may be closed with curtains or blinds, for carry-
ing passengers on suburban steam-roads in summer. See
fig. 9.
Summer Street-car. A street-car with open sides and.
ends, which may be closed with curtains. Such cars are
used on street-railroads for summer travel. Sea figs.
39, 40.
Summer Street-car Curtain. A cloth, usually made of
heavy canvas, to inclose open cars and exclude rain or
sunshine. Shown in figs. 39, 40.
Sun-burner, for Mineral-oil Lamp. A lamp-burner which.
is provided with a chimney, which is wide at its base,
and is held in its place by a thin circular metal plate, cut
with indentations around its outer edge, which act as
springs to hold the chimney in its place. See fig. 479.
SUP
159
SWI
Supply-pipe, of Air-pump for Westinghouse-brake. A
pipe through which the air enters the air-pump. See 8,
8, fig. 655 ; 47, figs. 664, 665.
Support. " That which upholds, sustains, or keeps from
from falling, as a prop, a pillar, a foundation of any
kind." — Webster. See Cylinder-lever Support. Drum-
support. Pipe-support.
Suspender-beam^ for Miller-platform. A short transverse
piece of timber framed into the draw-bar timbers under-
neath the end-sill of a car-body. See 29, fig. 284.
Susp ending-link. See Brake - block Suspending - link.
Swing-hanger.
Susp ending-plate. See Brake-block Suspending-plate.
Suspending-stud. See Brake-block Suspending-stud.
Sweeper. See Sweeping-car.
Sweeping-car. A car with rotary brooms for sweeping
snow from a railroad track. The brooms are attached to
a horizontal shaft which is connected by suitable gearing
with the axles, and the brooms are thus made to revolve.
See fig. 33.
Swing-beam. See Siving-bolster. Swing Spring-plank.
Swing-bolster. A truck bolster which bears on springs
that are supported by a transverse timber called a
spring-plank which is suspended by hangers or links, so
that it can swing laterally to the truck. As the springs
rest on this plank and they support the bolster, the latter
can swing with the spring-plank. The object of provid-
ing this swinging motion to the bolster is to prevent, as
much as possible, the lateral blows and shocks to which
the truck is subjected from being communicated to the
car-body, and, vice-versa, to prevent the momentum of
the car-body from acting with its full force on the truck.
See 30, figs. 108-129.
Swing-bolster Spring. See Lateral-motion Spring.
Swing-hangers. Bars or links of iron which are attached
at their upper ends to the transoms of a swing-motion
truck, and by which the spring-plank is suspended to the
lower ends so that it can swing laterally. They are made
in different ways. Sometimes they consist of solid bars
with an eye at each end ; in other cases, they are made
like a link of a chain, and are then called Swing Link-
hangers, which see. They are also made with a fork or
clevis at one end and a boss at the other. See 46, figs.
108-129.
Swing-hanger Friction-block. A casting, or bearing, on
which the upper end of a swing link-hanger rests. See
50, figs. 116, 117.
Swing-hanger Pivot. An iron pin, bolt, or bar, by which
a swing-hanger is suspended, or which supports a spring-
plank. See Lower Swing-hanger Pivot. Upper Swing-
hanger Pivot.
Swing-hanger Pivot-bearing. An eye-bolt, iron plate,
SWI
160
TAB
or casting attached to a transom, on which, the upper
swing-hanger pivot rests, or by which it is attached to
the transom. See 49, figs. 108-129.
Swing-hanger Shaft. A Swing- hanger Pivot, which see.
Swinging -sash. A window or blind sash which is hung
and swings on hinges. See Door-case Sash.
Swing Link-hanger. A swing-hanger made in the form
of a link of a chain. See 46, fig. 117 , fig. 137.
Swing-motion. A term applied to an arrangement of
hangers and other supports for the springs and truck-
bolster which enables a car-body to swing laterally on
the truck.
Swing-motion Gear. The combination of the bolster,
spring-plank, swing-hangers, pivots, and pins by which a
car-body is suspended on a truck and enabled to swing
laterally.
Swing-motion Spring. A Bolster-spring, which see. See
also Lateral-motion Spring.
Swing-motion Truck. A truck with a bolster and spring-
plank suspended on swing-hangers so that they can
swing laterally to the truck-frame. Figs. 108-129 are
representations of swing-motion trucks.
Swing Spring-plank. A transverse timber underneath
the bolster of a four-wheeled truck, and under the spring-
beam of a six-wheeled truck, and on which the body-
springs rest. A swing spring-plank differs from an or-
dinary spring-plank from the fact of being supported by
hangers or links so thaJ it can swing laterally to the
truck, while an ordinary spring-plank has no such
movement. See 43, figs. 108-129.
Switching The act of moving cars from one track to
another by means of switches, as in making up or sepa-
rating trains, and placing the cars on the tracks and in
the places where they are needed. See also Drilling.
Regulating. Shunting.
Switching-eye. A cast-iron socket attached to the corner
of a freight-car, to which the Jaook of a chain or a push-
ing-bar can be attached, to move the car either by horses
or by an engine on an adjoining track. Such eyes are
often cast on a lower corner-plate, as shown in fig, 279.
A pull-iron is sometimes called a switching-eye.
T
T, or Tee. A T~snaPed, cast-iron tube for uniting one
pipe at right angles to two others in the same line. The
pipes are screwed into the arms of the T- See fig. 621.
Also see Reducing-tee.
Table. See Water-table.
Table-hook. A hook attached to a movable table for
fastening it to the side of a car. Such tables are fur-
nished in drawing-room, sleeping and smoking cars, for
TAB
161
TAST
the convenience of passengers. See 19, fig. 298 ; fig.
394.
Table-hook Plate. An eye or plate on the side of a passen-
ger-car to which a hook on a movable table is attached.
See 20, fig. 298 ; fig. 395.
Table-leg Hook. A metal hook which is attached to a
diagonal support for a table, and which engages in a
plate attached to the side of the car. See 40, fig. 300.
Similar to fig. 394.
Table-leg-hcck Plate. A plate attached to the side of a
car and which forms an eye or fastening in which a table-
leg hook engages. See 41, fig. 400. Similar to fig. 395.
Tail-lamp. A signal-lamp attached to the rear end of a
train. See 141, figs. 82, 83; figs. 495, 496. Also see
Double-lens Tail-lamp. Train Signal-lamp.
Tank. A vessel or reservoir of considerable size to contain
fluids. See.
Shad-bellied Tank. Telescopic-tank.
Straight-tank. Water-tank.
Tank, for Tank-car. A sheet or plate iron vessel, usually
of cylindrical form, for carrying oil or other liquids on
cars specially constructed for the purpose. See 106, figs.
73-76. See also Telescopic-tank. Straight-tank.
Tank-band. A flat strip or bar of iron which passes over
the top of a tank for a tank-car, and through the frame
for holding the former to the latter. Sometimes these
bands are fastened to a hook or eye attached to the top
of the tank. See 107, figs. 73-76.
Tank-band Hook. An iron hook riveted to the top of a
tank for a tank-car, to which the tank -bands are fastened.
The object in attaching the bands in this way is to pre-
vent the tank from turning.
Tank-car. A car provided with one or more tanks for ear-
ly ing oil or other liquids. Usually the tank is made of
iron, and is cylindrical in form, as shown in figs. 22,
73-76.
Tank-dome. A cylindrical extension attached to the top
of a tank for a tank-car. See 108, figs 73-76.
Tank-head. An iron sheet or plate which forms the head
or end of a tank. See 106', figs. 93-96.
Tank-nozzle. A short pipe which is attached to the under
side of a tank for transporting oil or other liquids. The
pipe is used to draw-off or empty the contents from the
tank. See 115, figs, 93, 96. It is usually cast in one
piece with the Tank-valve Seat, which see.
Tank-nozzle Cap. A cover which is screwed on the outer
end of a tank-nozzle to prevent the escape of the con-
tents of the tank in case the valve should leak. See 118,
figs. 93, 96.
Tank-nozzle-cap Chain. A chain by which a tank-nozzle
cap is fastened to the nozzle to prevent it from being
lost.
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162
TEL
Tank-step, for Tank-car. A metal shelf or bracket fast-
ened to a tank of a tank-car, which forms a step to give
access to the top of the tank or the top of the dome.
Tank-valve. A valve, attached to the bottom of a tank for
transporting oil or other liquids, to draw off the contents
of the tank. See 114, figs. 73, 76.
Tank-valve Cage. A metal inclosure over the top of a
tank-valve, and which forms a guide in which the valve
works. See 116, figs. 73, 76.
Tank-valve Rod. A rod for opening and closing a tank-
valve and which extends from the valve to the top of the
dome. See 117, figs. 73, 76.
Tank-valve-rod Handle. A lever which can be attached
or detached to or from the top of the valve-rod of a tank-
car to turn it, and thus open or close the tank- valve.
Tank-valve Seat. A metal plate, with one opening in it,
which is closed by the valve. It is riveted to the under
side of the tank and has a nozzle attached to it to wliich
suitable pipes are connected for conducting the oil or
other liquid from the tank. See 115, figs. 73, 76.
Tanner-brake. An arrangement of levers and rods for
operating the brakes on both trucks at the same time,
which is said to be the invention of Mr. Henry Tanner
and which was patented by him in 1852. It is illustrated
in fig. 644. It consists of a lever, 9, having a fixed ful-
crum in its centre attached to the body of the car. The
ends of this lever are connected by rods and chains, 4,
4, with the brake-shafts at the two ends of the car ; and
at points intermediate between the ends and the fulcrum
the lever is connected by rods, 6, 6, with the brake-
levers, 2, 2. The centre-lever, 9, can thus be operated
and the brakes be applied to both trucks by the brake-
shaft and wheel at either end of the car. A difficulty
with this form of brake is, that unless the adjustment of
the connecting-rods and brake-shoes is perfect the press-
ure of the brakes will not be alike on the two trucks.
Tarpaulin. A painted, oiled, or tarred cloth or can-
vas used on open cars to protect freight from tht
weather.
TasseL See Window-curtain Tassel.
Tassel-hook. See Window-curtain Solder.
Tee. See T-
Telegraph-cock, or Faucet. A self-closing cock, the lever
of which resembles the key of a telegraph instrument.
See Lever-faucet. "When these are arranged to attach to
the side of a vessel they are called horizontal telegraph-
faucets, as shown at fig. 428. "When they are made, as
shown at fig. 382, so as to attach to the top, they are
called vertical telegraph cocks or faucets.
Telescopic-tank, for Tank-car. A cylindrical tank madt
with the rings or plates of metal in the centre on the out-
side, while those toward the ends are placed inside of
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163
TIE
those nearest the centre, analogous to the manner in
which the tubes of a telescope slide into each other.
Tender-hose, for Westinghouse-brake. A hose which con-
nects the brake-pipe on the tender with the engine, and
which has no coupling, and is usually attached to the en-
gine or tender by a union-joint. See 11, figs. 655, 656 ;
fig. 743.
Tender-spring Bracket, for Westinghouse-brake. A cast-
iron bracket which is bolted to the tender-frame and
which acts as a bearing for a release-spring. See fig. 744'.
Tension-bar. A bar which is subjected to a strain of ten-
sion. See Body-bolster Tension-bar.
Tension-member. A rod, bar, or beam which is subjected
to a tensile strain and forms a part of a frame, truss,
beam, or girder. Truss-rods, brace-rods, etc., are ten-
sion members. See Compression-member.
Thimble. 1 . A bushing.
2. A sleeve or tube through which a bolt passes, and
which may act as a distance-piece. See
Axle Safety -bearing Body-bolster Thimble.
Thimble. Brake-shaft Thimble.
Buffer-thimble.
Y-hinge. A door-hmge, one part of which is made long
and triangular-shaped, like a strap-hinge, and the other
part like a butt-hinge, so that the shape of the whole re-
sembles a letter ~y. See fig. 513.
Thread. See Screw-thread.
Three-link Draw-bar. A draw-bar to which three coup-
ling-links may be attached. One of these is usually fast-
ened to the draw-bar by a pin, riveted fast, so that the
link cannot be detached. This is the same as a Potter
Draw-bar, which see. See figs. 261-264, 269.
Three-way Cock, for Westinghouse-brake. A cock on the
locomotive by which the runner either releases or ad-
mits the compressed-air from or to the brake-pipes, and
thus either applies the brakes or takes them off, as re-
quired. See 10, fig. 657 ; figs. 658, 659..
Three-wheeled Hand-car. A hand-car with two wheels
arranged to run on one rail, somewhat like a velocipede,
but with a third wheel running on the opposite rail to
steady the vehicle. They are worked either with levers
operated by the hands, or by treadles with the feet, or
with both. See fig. 47.
Threshold, or'Threshold-plate. A Door-sill, which see.
Throttle-valve, for Westinghouse Engine and Pump. An
angle globe-valve, attached to the locomotive for admit-
ting steam to and shutting it off from the engine, which
works the air-pump. See fig. 736.
Ticket-holder. A metal clip or spring attached to the side
of a sleeping-car berth for holding the tickets of the oc-
cupants of the berth. See fig. 377.
Tie. " A beam or rod which secures parts together and is
TIE
164
TOO
subjected to a tensile strain. It is the opposite of a strut
or straining-piece, which acts to keep objects apart, and
is subject to a compressing force." — Knight.
Tie-bar. A bar which acts as a tie. See Draw-timber Tie-
bar. Pedestal Tie-bar. Transom Tie-bar.
Tie-plate. A Main-carline, which see.
Tie-rod. A rod which acts as a tie. See
Brake-block Tie-rod. Lever-frame Tie-rod.
Cylinder-lever Tie-rod. Platform Tie-rod.
End-girth Tie-rod. Safety-beam Tie-rod.
Girth Tie-rod. Sill Tie-rod.
Wheel-piece Tie-rod.
Tie-timber. See Cross-frame Tie-timber.
Tightener. See Window-curtain-cord Tightener.
Timber. A stick of wood of considerable size. See
Brake-hanger Timber. Pedestal-timber.
Centre Floor-timber. Platform End-timber.
Cross frame Tie-timber. Platform-timber.
Diagonal Floor-timber. Rocker-bearing Timber.
Draw-bar Cross-timber. Bocker-timber.
Draw-timber. Short Floor-timber.
Floor-timber. Spring-plank Timber.
Intermediate Floor-tim- Transverse Floor-timber,
ber. Wheel-timber.
Tin Car-roof. A roof consisting of a layer of boards which
rest on the rafters and run lengthwise to the car and are
covered with tin plates the edges of which are soldered
together.
Tip. An ornamental knob or boss attached to the end of
a rod. See Basket-rack Tip. Berth Curtain-rod Tip.
Tip-car. A car so constructed that its body can be tipped
or inclined so as to allow its contents to slide out. Some-
times called dump-car. For Four-wheeled Tip-car, see
fig. 29 ; for Eight-wheeled Tip-car, see fig. 28.
Tip-car Door. A door or gate on the side of a tip-car for
unloading the contents of the car. See 154, fig. 81.
Tire. A heavy hoop or band of iron forming the ring or
periphery of a wheel to impart strength to it and to resist
the wear on the rails. In this country car-wheels are
generally cast in one piece without a separate tire, but
within a few years steel-tired wheels have come into con-
siderable use. See 5, figs, 176-183.
Tire-bolt. A screw-bolt for holding a wheel-tire on a wheel-
centre. When retaining rings are used the bolts pass
through the lings and hold them and the centre and tire
together. See 2, figs. 176-183.
Tool-car. A box-car arranged for carrying all kinds of
tools, ropes, etc., which are used, in case of accident to
trains on the road, in replacing or removing the cars or
engines on or from the track. Such cars are often
used when any heavy objects are to be moved, as is nec-
essary in erecting bridges, etc.
TOP
165
TEA
Top. See Cast-iron Top. Smoke-top.
Top-arm, for Creamer-brake. A cast-iron arm keyed to
the brake-shaft, to which a pawl is attached which forms
the connection between the drum and brake-shaft, and
which acts on a ratchet on the drum-cover. By this
means the involute spring is wound up by the action of
the brake-shaft and wheel. See 4, rigs. 646, 647.
Top-chord. The upper outside member of a truss. See
13, figs. 804, 806-810. (The distinction between a top-
chord and braces or between a top-chord and a truss-rod,
in trusses like those represented in figs. 805, 811, is not
very clear.)
Top Cylinder-head, for Westinghouse Driving-wheel Brake.
A circular cast-iron plate or cover for the upper end of a
cylinder for a driving-wheel brake. See 5, fig. 749.
Top Door-rail. The uppermost horizontal bar or piece of
a door-frame. See 149, figs. 218, 222, 223, 230 ; 4, fig. 502 ;
82, fig. 753.
Top Door-track. A metal bar or guide at the top of a
door on which it slides or by which it is held in its place.
See 65, figs. 60, 63, 64, 69-72.
Top End-rail, for Coal-car. A horizontal stick of timber
which forms the top of the end-frame of a coal-car. See
137, figs. 77-79.
Top-plate. See Outside Top-plate.
Top-reservoir Journal-box. A journal-box having a res-
ervoir for oil or grease above the journal, from which
the oil flows to the journal. See fig. 153.
Top-ring, for Base-plate of Spear-heater. A cast-iron ring
which rests on top of the base-plate, and to which the cas-
ing i3 attached. See 22, figs. 550-554 ; fig. 562.
Top-seat Street-car. A Double-deck Street-car, which see.
See fig. 38.
Top Side-bearing. A Body Side-bearing, which see.
Top Side-rail, of Coal-car. The horizontal piece of tim-
ber which forms the top of the side of a coal-car. See
136, figs. 77-79.
Towel-bracket. A bracket for supporting a towel-roller.
See 2, fig. 380.
Towel-rack. One or more rods or arms arranged for hang-
ing towels on.
Towel-red. A rod for hanging towels on. See figs. 378,
379.
Track. A rail or bar which forms a path on which any-
thing, as a door, runs. See Bottom Door-track. Top
Door-track.
Track-sweeper. A Sweeping-car, which see.
Train-car. A Conductor' s-car, which see.
Train of Cars. A number of cars coupled together.
Train Signal-lamp. A lamp attached to a car as a signal,
usually to the last one on a train. See 141, figs. 82, 83 ;
figs. 495, 496. See Double-lens Tail-lamp. Tail-lamp.
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Train Signal-lanturn. A lantern used for giving signals
at night either to or froni trains. Ordinary railroad lan-
terns are often used for that purpose, but they some-
times have globes of colored glass. See Tri-colored Lan-
tern.
Transom. One or two horizontal cross-beams which are
attached to the side-frames of a truck and between which
the swing-bolster is placed. The transoms are "usually
made of wood, but recently they have been made of iron.
See 20, figs. 108-127. See Middle-transoms. Outside-
iransoms.
Transom Bearing-block. A piece of wood or iron placed
on top of a transom, under the attachment or bearing
of a swing-hanger, to raise it up higher.
Transom-casting. A casting attached to a truck-frame
and to which the end of one or both of the transoms are
fastened. See 28, figs. 108-114.
Transom Chafing-plate. A plate attached to the side of
a transom to prevent the motion of the swing-hangers,
springs, and swing-bolster from abrading the transoms.
See 27, figs. 115,116-129.
Transom-pillar. A small casting placed under a transom
and resting on the lower truss-bar of an iron truck. It
acts as a distance-piece between the two. See 29, figs.
112, 114.
Transom Tie-bar. A wrought-iron bar bolted to a pair of
transoms to hold them together. It is sometimes
placed above and sometimes below the transoms. See
23, figs. 118-126.
Transom Truss-block- A bearing or distance-piece, made
of wood or iron, underneath a truck-transom, and
against which a transom truss-rod bears. See 25, figs.
91-93, 118-121, 128, 129.
Transom Truss-rods. Rods which are attached at their
ends to the wheel-pieces, and which extend across the
truck and alongside the transoms and are inclined
downward toward the centre so as to strengthen the
transoms. Generally, two such rods are used with each
truck. See 24, figs. 91-93, 118-129.
Transom Truss-rod "Washer. An iron bearing for a nut
on the end of a transom truss-rod. See 26, figs. 91-93,
115-129.
Transverse Floor-timbers. Timbers which extend across
the car underneath the floor and on which the latter
rests. See 11, figs. 73-76 ; 10, figs. 750-752.
Tread. 1. The part of a step on which the foot is placed.
2. The outer surface or part of a car-wheel which bears
on the rails. See 25, fig. 138 See Rubber-tread.
Tread-board. The horizontal part or board of a step on
which the foot is placed. See 46, figs. 215, 216, 217, 219,
220, 223.
Triangular Washer. An iron plate or block, the cross-
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167
TRTJ
section of which, is of a triangular shape, and which
forms a bearing for the nut or head of an inclined brace-
rod. See fig. "87.
Tri-colored Lantern. A lantern with a cylindrical case
and an opening on one side only. This case is inclosed
by another, containing glasses of different colors, and
which caa be turned so as to bring either glass in
front of the opening and thus change the color of the
light.
Trigger. See Window-latch Trigger.
Trimming-cap. A Seat-back-rail Cap, which see.
Tripping-lever, for Creamer-brake. A small lever by
which the side-pawl is disengaged from the spring-dram.
See 7, figs. 646, 647.
Triple-coil Nest-spring. A spiral-spring with two other
coils inside of it. One of the coils is inside of the other.
See figs. 191, 198.
Triple Coupling-link. Three coupling links attached to
each other like the links of a chain. Such couplings are
used when the draw-bars differ considerably in height.
See 1, fig. 271.
Triplet of Springs. Three elliptic springs fastened to-
gether side by side so as to act together. See 80, figs.
115, 118, 119, 129.
Triple-valve, for Westingh&use Automatic-brake. A small
slide-valve which is operated by a piston, the two being
contained in a suitable body or case and placed between
the auxiliary-reservoir and the brake-cylinder of Westing-
house Automatic- brake, for admitting the air from the
former to the latter when the brakes are to be applied,
and for releasing it from the brake-cylinder when the
brakes are to be taken off. See 9, fig. 663 ; figs. 703,
704.
Triple-valve Branch-pipe, for Westinghouse Automatic-
brake. A short pipe by which the triple-valve is con-
nected with the brake-pipe. See 24, figs. 661, 663.
Triple-valve Case, for Westinghouse Brake. A casting
with suitable chambers and passages cast in it. and which
contains the working parts of a triple-valve. It forms
the main body of what is called the triple-valve. See
20, figs. 703, 704.
Triple-valve Piston, for Westinghouse Car-brake. A
small piston which operates a slide-valve, the two to-
gether forming the working parts of a triple-valve. See
4, fig. 704 ; fig. 706.
Truck. ' ' A small wheel ; hence, trucks, a low carriage for
carrying goods, stone, etc., either on common roads or on
railroads. Indeed, this kind of carriage is often called a
truck, in the singular." — Webster. The term is applied
to different kinds of small vehicles used on and about
railroads, sometimes in a confusing sense. See
Baggage Barrow-truck. Baggage Wagon-truck.
TRTJ
168
TRTX
Barrow-truck.
Car-truck,
Cleveland-truck.
Continuous-frame Truck.
Diamond-truck.
Freight Barrow-truck.
Freight Wagon-truck.
Iron-truck.
Pair of Trucks.
Passenger-car Truck.
Rigid-bolster Truck.
Swing-motion Truck.
Wagon-truck.
Warehmise-truek.
Whole-frame Truck.
Wooden-frame Truck.
Truck-bolster. A cross timber or beam in the centre of a
truck to which the lower centre-plate is fastened, and on
which the car-body rests. The truck-bolster is connected
to the body-bolster by a centre-pin which passes through
it. See 30, figs. 88-128. The truck-bolster for a six-
wheeled truck consists of a frame formed of two timbers
at each end, called spring-beams, which rest on the
springs, and one in the centre, called a truck centre-beam,
to which the truck centre-plate is attached. All three
are united together by longitudinal iron bars or wooden
beams. This is represented in fig. 130. See Swing-
bolster.
Truck-bolster Chafing-plate. A plate attached to a swing-
bolster to protect it from wear. See 36, figs. 115, 116,
124, 128, 129.
Truck-bolster Guide-bars. Iron castings in the iron side-
frame of a truck, between the arch-bars, which form
a guide for the end of the bolster. See 37, figs.
95-104. These are not used with trucks which have a
swing-motion, and only with rigid-bolster trucks when
the latter have bolster-springs.
Truck-bolster Guide-block. A cast-iron shoe attached to
a truck-bolster, and which slides vertically between the
bolster guide-bars. See 38, figs. 95-103. They are not
used on trucks which have a swing-motion, and only
with rigid-bolster trucks which have bolster-springs.
Truck-bolster King-post. A short pillar at the centre of a
truck-bolster against which the truss-rod bears. See 33,
fig. 106.
Truck-bolster Truss-block. A block of wood or iron under-
neath a truck-bolster which acts as a bearing or distance-
piece for one or more truss-rods. See 32, figs. 98-104.
Truck-bolster Truss-rod. A rod attached near the ends of
a wooden truck-bolster, usually with nuts, and which
extends lengthwise to it, and passes below the bolster at
the centre, so as to form a truss. Generally, two or
more such rods are used for each bolster and are in-
tended to strengthen it. See 31, figs. 88-107.
Truck-bolster Truss-rod Bearing. An iron bearing placed
under a truck-bolster truss-rod to prevent it from crush-
ing into the bolster or truss-block. See 34, figs. 88-90,
96-104.
Truck-bolster Truss-rod Washer. An iron bearing for a
TKU
169
TRXJ
nut on the end of the truss-rod of a truck-bolster. See
35, figs. 88-90, 97-107.
Truck Centre-plate. A metal plate in the centre of the top
of a truck-bolster on which the body centre-plate rests
and which bears the weight of the car-body. The king-
bolt, or centre-pin, passes through both centre-plates.
See 63, figs. 89-129.
Truck Check-chain Eye. An eye-bolt, clevis, or other
similar attachment for fastening a check-chain to the
the truck. See 70, fig. 122. See also Body Check-chain
Eye.
Truck Check-chain Hook. An iron hook, or similar
form of attachment by which check-chains are fastened
to a car-body. See 69, fig. 122.
Truck End-piece. See End-piece of Truck-frame.
Truck-frame. A structure composed of wooden beams or
iron bars, to which the journal-boxes or pedestals,
springs, and other portions of a car-truck are attached,
and which forms the skeleton of a truck. Such frames
are shown in figs. 88-137. See Continuous Truck-frame.
Truck Side-frame.
Truck-frame King-post. An iron post which forms a dis-
tance-piece between an inverted arch-bar and the main
bar of a continuous-frame truck. See 18, figs 105, 106.
Truck-frame Queen-posts. Short iron columns between
an upper arch-bar or wheel-piece and an inverted arch-
bar, which act as distance-pieces between these two
members. See 39, fig. 91.
Truck Knee-iron. An [.-shaped or right-angle casting or
forging bolted into the inside corner of a truck-frame to
strengthen it. See 81, fig. 119.
Truck-side. A Truck Side-frame, which see.
Truck Side-bearing. A plate, block, or roller, which is
attached to the top of a truck-bolster, and on which a
corresponding bearing fastened to the body-bolster rests.
Their purpose is to prevent the car-body from having too
much rocking or rolling motion. Truck Side-bearings
are made of various forms, such as a plain metal plate,
to protect a wooden bolster from wear, a cup-shaped
casting to hold oil or grease and waste, and various
forms of rollers, balls, rockers, studs, and the like. See
61, figs. 88-129. See
Cup Side-bearing. Roller Side-bearing.
Rocker Side-bearing. Side-bearing.
Truck Side-frame. The longitudinal portion of a truck-
frame, on the outside of the wheels, which extends from
one axle to the other and to which the journal-boxes and
bolsters or transoms are attached. Such frames are
shown in figs. 88-137, 131, 133. See Diamond-truck
Side-frame.
Truss. A frame to which rigidity is given by uniting the
parts so that its figure shall be incapable of alteration by
TRTJ
170
TRTJ
turning of the bars about their joints. The simplest fomi
of truss is that in -which a rod and post are put under-
neath a beam to strengthen it, as in fig. 804, or two
beams are framed together in the form of a letter /V,
and tied together at their lower ends by a rod or another
beam, as shown in fig. 805. These are called king-post
trusses. Another form is that in which two posts are
used, as shown by figs. 806, 807, which are called queen-
post trusses. In order to prevent this form of truss from
altering its shape when unequally loaded, counter-braces,
11 and 9, are added. The extension of the principle of
the truss represented by fig. 806, that is, by the addition
of more posts, gives the well-known form of truss rep-
resented by fig. 808, in which all the braces are subjected
to strains of tension and the posts to compression. This
is known as the Pratt or Whipple truss. The extension
of the principle represented in fig. 807 gives the well-
known Howe-truss, fig. 809, in which the braces are sub-
jected to strains of compression, and the vertical members
to tension. As cars are not so unequally loaded as
bridges, the trusses used in car-frames usually have
braces which incline in one direction only, from the cen-
tre to the point of support, as shown in figs, 215, 221, 229.
Truss-arch. A timber or plank made in the form of an
arch, and set edgewise in the side of a passenger--ear
frame to strengthen it. See fig. 246.
Truss-beam. See Platform Truss-beam.
Truss-block. A distance-piece, between a truss-rod and
the compression member of a trussed beam, and which
forms a bearing for both. See 4, figs. 810, 811. See
Body-bolster Truss-block. Transom Truss-block. Truck-
bolster Truss-block.
Trussed Brake-beam. A brake-beam trussed with suita-
ble rods to strengthen it. See 4, figs. 629, 631.
Truss-plank. A wide piece of timber bolted to and
usually locked into the posts of a passenger-car frame,
and placed on the inside of the car and immediately
above the -sills. See 63, figs. 215-226 ; 1, fig. 300.
Truss-plank Cap. A strip of wood attached to the top of
a truss-plank between the seat-frames. See 64, figs. 225,
226.
Truss-rod. An inclined rod used in connection with a
king or queen post truss, or trussed-beam, to resist the
deflection of the beam. It is attached to the ends of the
beam, and is supported in the middle by a king-post,
truss-block, or two queen-posts between the beam and the
rod, See 1, figs. 804, 810, 811. See.
Body-bolster Truss-rod. Hand-car Truss-rod.
Body Truss-rod. Inverted Body-truss-rod.
Brake-beam Truss-rod. Outside Body-truss- rod.
Centre Body-tmiss-rod. Platform Truss-rod.
Cross-frame Truss-rod. Safety-beam Truss-rod.
TRIX
171
TOO
Transom Truss-rod. Truck-bolster Truss-rod.
Wheel-piece Truss-rod.
Truss-rod Bearing. An iron plate or casting on top of a
truss-rod in which a king or queen post or truss-block
rests, and which f ornis a bearing on the truss-rod. A truss-
rod saddle is underneath a truss-rod and forms a bear-
ing for the latter. See 3, figs. 804, 810, 811. See also
Body-bolster Truss-rod Bearing. Body Truss-rod Bear-
ing. Truck-bolster Truss-rod Bearing.
Truss-rod Iron. A piece or bar of iron, having a lug, eye,
or knuckle, to which a body truss-rod is attached, and
which is bolted to the under side of a sill opposite or
below a body-bolster. See 24, figs. 228, 229, 231.
Truss-rod Saddle. A wrought or cast iron bearing under-
neath a truss-rod, and on which the latter bears. A t?~uss-
rod bearing is on top of a truss-rod. See Body Truss-rod
Saddle.
Truss-rod Washer. A large fiat or beveled washer used
under a nut on the end of a truss-rod. Sometimes called
askew-back. See 2, figs. 804, 806, 810, 811. See Body-
bolster Truss-rod Washer. Truck-bolster Truss-rod
Washer.
Tumbler. 1. A drinking glass.
2. {Foundry :) A machine for cleaning castings, loco-
motive-tubes, etc. It consists of a case mounted on a
shaft on which it is made to revolve. The articles inside
of the case are cleaned by their attrition against eacli
other and the case.
3. (Locksmithing :) " A latch engaging within a notch
in a lock, bolt, or otherwise, opposing its motion until it
is lifted or arranged by the key so as to remove the ob-
stacle. " — Knight.
Tumbler-holder. A bracket or stand for holding glass
tumblers or drinking-cups.
Turnbuckle. A coupling with a right and left hand screw,
or with a screw and swivel used for shortening or length-
ening rods. The commonest form is that of a link with
a swivel and screw. See 23, figs. 215, 216, 219, 228, 229 ;
26, fig. 750 ; figs. 790-791. See Bight and Left Screw
Turnbuckle. Pipe Turnbuckle. Single-screw Turn-
buckle.
Twin Door-panels. A pair of panels side by side in a door.
See 10, fig. 502 ; fig. 753.
Twin-washer. A Double-washer, which see.
Twin-window. Two small and rather narrow windows
placed side by side. See 138, figs. 228, 229.
u
U-Bolt. A double bolt made of a bar of iron, bent in the
shape of the letter \J, with a nut and screw on each end.
See fig. 781. See Brake-hanger Carrier. Stake-pocket
U-bolt.
UNC
172
UPP
Uncoupling-chain. A chain by which the uncoupling
lever of a Miller-coupler is connected with the coupling-
hook or draw-bar. See 16, fig. 285.
"Uncoupling-lever, for Miller-coupler. A lever attached to
the platform of a car, and connected by a chain with a
Miller coupling-hook or draw-bar to disengage or un-
couple it from the one on the adjoining car. See 15, fig.
285, 286.
"Uncoupling-lever Plate. A plate attached to the top of
the platform end-timber of a Miller-platform, and
through which the uncoupling-lever works. See 18, fig.
285, 286.
Uncoupling-lever Ratchet. A ratchet into which the un-
coupling-lever of a Miller-coupler engages, and which
holds the lever in any desired position. The ratchet is
attached to the platform-railing See 17, fig. 283.
Uncoupling-lever Trunnion-plate. A cast-iron box, or
bearing, attached to the under side of a platform end-
timber, and which holds the pin on which the uncoup-
ling-lever works. See 21, figs. 282, 285.
Uncoup?ing-lever "Wedge. An iron wedge whish is in-
serted in the opening in an uncoupling-lever plate to hold
the lever in either one of its extreme positions. See 19,
fig. 285.
Uncoupling-lever Wedge-chain. A chain by which an
uncoupling-lever wedge is fastened to the platform end-
timber to prevent it from being lost. See 20, fig. 285.
Under-hung Door. A sliding-door which is supported
and slides on a rail below the door. The door in fig. 55
is under-hung.
Union, for Engine and Pump of JVestinghouse-brakc. A
nut and thimble for connecting a pipe to the engine pr
pump. See 35, 36, 37, figs. 664, 665, 697.
Union-joint. A means of uniting the ends of two pipes
with a nut. The latter is attached to one pipe with a
collar, and is screwed on the opposite pipe, or on a
thimble attached to the pipe. See fig. 697. Often called
simply a union.
United States Standard System of Screw-threads. This
term is often used to designate the Sellers System of
Screw-threads, which see.
Upholstery. In passenger-car construction, the cushions,
curtains, carpets, beds, etc., and generally the material
from which they are made.
Upper Belt-rail. A horizontal wooden bar attached to
the posts on the outside and above the windows of pas-
senger and street cars. See 82, figs. 225, 226 ; 44, figs.
750, 752.
Upper-berth. The top berth in a sleeping-car section. See
2, figs. 296-298. See Berth.
Upper-berth Rest. A metal ledge, lug, or shelf, which
UPP
173
UPP
supports an upper-berth of a sleeping-car when it is low-
ered. See fig. 354.
TJpper-berth-rest Pivot. A pivot or pin attached to a
suitable plate which is fastened to an upper-berth. The
pin engages in a hole in a Berth-rest, which see. See fig.
355.
"Upper Brake-shaft Bearing. An eye or bearing by which
the upper end of a brake-shaft is held in its place and in
which it revolves. In passenger and street cars the bear-
ing is usually attached to the hand-rail. On freight box-
cars, -when the brakes are operated from the top of the
car, the bearing is attached to the end of the body near
the top. See 96, figs. 55-84 ; 156, figs. 215, 217, 219, 223 ;
123, figs. 750, 753.
"Upper-cap, of Triple-valve for Westinglxov.se Car-brake.
A screw-plug which is screwed into the top of the cham-
ber of a triple-valve. See 5, fig. 704 : fig. 707.
"Upper Corner-plate. An outside corner-plate attached to
the corner of a car on the outside next to the eaves of
the roof or to the top-rail. See 55, figs. 55, 59, 60, 63, 65,
77. 79.
"Upper Discharge-valve, of Air-pump for Westinghouse-
brake. A puppet-valve at the top of the air-pump cylin-
der through which the air above the piston escapes. See
32, fig. 665 ; fig. 694.
"Upper Door-sash. The part of a double window-sash in a
car-door which covers the upper part of the opening.
This upper section is usually made movable, so that it can
be lowered for ventilation. See 12, fig. 502.
"Upper End-panel. A panel on the outside and end of a
street-car above the window. See 29, fig. 753.
"Upper-floor, for Cattle-car. A floor in cattle-cars for carry-
ing small cattle, as sheep, hogs, etc., which forms a
second story or upper deck in the car. See 28, figs. 69-72.
"Upper Seat-back Bail. A horizontal wooden bar which
forms the top-rail of a seat-back. See Lower Seat-back
Rail. See 41, figs. 750, 752.
"Upper Steam-valve, for Engine of Westinghouse-brake.
A small piston by which steam is admitted to, and ex-
hausted from, the upper end of the steam-cylinder of an
engine for a Westinghouse-brake. See 14, figs. 665, 677.
"Upper Steam-valve Bushing, for Engine of Westinghouse-
brake. A ring or hollow metal cylinder in which the
piston, which forms the upper steam- valve works. See
17, fig. 665 ; fig. 680.
"Upper Swing-hanger Pivot. A pin, bolt, or bar, by
which the upper end of a swing-hanger is attached to the
transom, and on which it is suspended. See 47, figs. 108-
129. See also Loiver Swing-hanger Pivot.
"Upper "Wainscot-rail. A longitudinal wooden bar or rail,
fastened to the posts on the inside of a passenger-car,
immediately under the window, and extending from one
UPP
174 VAX
end of the car to the other. See 75, figs. 225, 226 ; 3,
figs. 299-300.
"Upper Window-blind. The part of a double blind which
covers the upper part of a window. See 17, fig. 301.
Upper 'Window-blind Lift. A metal catch, or finger-hold,
attached to an upper window-blind for raisingand lower
ing it. It is distinguished from a lower window-blind
lift in not having a lug or ledge, described in the defini-
tion of the latter term. See 25, fig. 301 ; fig. 324.
Urinal. A metal or porcelain receptacle used in water-
closets to receive urine, and from which it is conveyed
below the car by a pipe leading through the floor. See
132, figs. 216, 220 ; figs. 438, 439. See Corner-urinal.
Side-urinal.
Urinal-cover. A wooden or sheet-metal lid for inclosing a
urinal.
Urinal-drip. A pan under a urinal.
Urinal Drip-pipe. A pipe by which the contents of a
urinal-drip are conducted below the floor of a car.
"Urinal-handle. A handle in a water-closet, placed above
the urinal to hold on to. They are sometimes fastened
in the corner of the water-closet and are then called
corner urinal-handles ; and sometimes to the side, and
are then called Side Urinal-handles, which see. See
figs. 442, 443.
Urinal Ventilating-pipe. A pipe attached to a urinal,
and communicating with the top of a car, to convey the
foul air and vile smells from a urinal.
Vacuum-brake. A system of continuous-brakus which is
operated by exhausting the air from some appliance
under each car by which the pressure of the external air
is transmitted to the brake levers and shoes. An ejector
on the engine is ordinarily used for exhausting the air
and it is connected with the rest of the train by pipes
and flexible hose between the cars. See Eames Vacuum-
brake. Smith Vacuum-brake.
Valve. A lid, cover, or plug for opening and closing an
aperture or passage. See
Brake-hose Coupling-valve. Register-valve.
Check-valve. Eeversing-valve.
Conductor 's-valve. Safety-valve.
Coupling-valve. Slide-valve of Triple-valve
Discharge-valve. Steam-valve.
Double Check-valve. Tank-valve.
Leakage-valve. Throttle-valve.
Lower Discharge-valve. Triple-valve.
Lower Steam-valve. Upper Discharge-valve.
Receiving-valve. Upper Steam-valve.
Ventilator-valve.
VAL
175
VEN"
Valves, for Top-plate of Spear-heater. Two semi-circular
dampers by which the annular opening between the
smoke-pipe and its casing of Spear's pattern C stove is
opened and closed. See fig. 559.
"Valve-seat. " The flat or conical surface on which a valve
rests."' — Knight. See Discharge-valve Seat. Tank-valve
Seat.
Valve-stem. A rod attached to a valve, and by which the
latter is moved. See Reversing-valve Stem.
"Veneer. ' ; A thin leaf of a superior wood for overlaying an
inferior wood." — Webster. See Ceiling-veneers.
Vent. " A small aperture ; a hole or passage for air or
other fluid to escape.'" — Webster. See Lamp-vent.
Ventilator. A contrivance for admitting or exhausting
air to or from a car or other apartment. See 116, 142,
143, figs. 215, 218, 222, 224 ; fig. 348. See
Automatic-ventilator. Clear-story Ventilator.
Clear-story End-ventilator. End-ventilator.
Clear-story Side-ventilator. Frieze-ventilator.
Self-acting Ventilator.
Ventilator-deflector. A metal plate or board placed in
such a position at a ventilator-opening that it will
cause a current of air to flow into or out of the car when
the latter is in motion. See 1, figs. 847, 348.
Ventilator-door. A door for closing the aperture of a ven- i
tilator through which the air passes. See fig. 345. See
Ventilator-valve.
Ventilator-hood. A shield over the outside of a ventilator
to prevent the entrance of sparks, cinders, rain, or snow.
It is sometimes intended to direct the current of air
either into or out of the car. See also Clear-story End-
ventilator Hood.
Ventilator-opener. A lever, shaft, or other device for
opening and closing ventilator-sashes or panels in a clear-
story. It is the same as fig. 333.
Ventilator-panel. A panel in the frame of a valve or
door for closing the aperture of a ventilator. See 116,
figs, 218, 224.
Ventilator-pivot. A pin on which a ventilator door or
sash is swung or hinged. It is the same as a Clear-story
Window-pivot, fig. 327.
Ventilator Pivot-plate. A metal plate which forms s
socket in which a ventilator-pivot works. It is the same
as a Window-latch Plate, figs. 314, 315.
Ventilator-plate. See Frieze-ventilator Plates.
Ventilator-register. A. metal plate or frame attached to a
ventilator opening, and provided with slats which are
arranged so as to turn, and thus either open or close the
ventilator opening. See fig. 346.
Ventilator-ring. A metal ring attached to the ceiling of
a car around the opening for a ventilator in the roof to
VEM-
176
WAI
make a finish to the opening. These are seldom used
now. See fig. 342.
Ventilator-sash'. The rails and stiles which form the out-
side portion of a ventilator, valve, door, or window, and
into which the panel or glass is fitted. See 1 16, figs. 215-
224.
"Ventilator-staff. A stick or rod of wood or metal used to
reach the fastenings of ventilators to open or close
them. See fig. 348%.
Ventilator-stop. A small metal bracket on which a ven-
tilator-sash rests when open. Same as fig. 771.
Ventilator-valve. A door for opening or closing the aper-
ture of a ventilator. Such doors are usually made to
turn on pivots at or near their centres. See 116, figs.
215-224.
Vertical Telegraph Cock, or Faucet. A telegraph cock or
faucet made of an upright form so as to attach to the top
of a horizontal surface, as the top of a wash-stand. See
fig. 382. See Telegraph-faucet.
Volute-spring. A spring made of a fl?t bar of steel coiled
with a kind of scroll resembling the volutes used as an
ornament in the capitals of ancient Roman and Grecian
architecture. The coil is made in a conical form so that
the spring can be compressed in the direction of the axis
around which it is coiled. See fig. 213.
Vose Graduated-spring. A round-bar single-coil spiral-
spring, with two conical india-rubber springs on the in-
side, one attached to the spring-seat and the other to the
spring-cap. When the spiral spring is extended, there is
some space between the two rubber springs. The weight
is first supported by the spiral-spring until' this is com-
pressed far enough to bring the two rubber-springs in
contact, when they support part of the load. See fig.
208.
V-shaped Screw-thread. A term used to designate a
thread which is of a V-shape, and made with a sharp
edge at the top and a sharp groove\at the root, as shown
in fig. 794, and which differs in that respect from the
Sellers system, which is flat at the top and at the root,
and from the Whitworth system, which is rounded at
those points, as shown in figs. 795, 796.
V Window-button. A catch, with a V-shaped notch in
the end, which is fastened to a window-post for holding
up a window. See fig. 306.
w
Wagon-truck. A four-wheeled vehicle for moving oag-
gage or freight about a station or warehouse. See fig.
49. See Baggage Wagon-truck, fig. 52. Freight Wagon-
truck, fig. 50.
Wainscot-paneL A board which forms a panel under the
WAI
177
WAS
windows and between the two wainscot-rails. See 76,
figs. 215, 225, 226 ; 4, figs. 299-301.
Wainscot-rails. Longitudinal wooden bars or rails fast-
ened to the posts on the inside of a passenger-car below
the windows and extending from one end of the car to
the other. See Lower Wainscot Rail. Upper Wainscot-
rail.
"Wall Seat-end. The seat- end next the wall or side of a
car. See 4, figs. 400, 401.
Warehouse-truck. A small vehicle which is used for
moving freight about a warehouse. See
Baggage Barrow-truck. Freight Barrow-truck.
Baggage Wagon-truck. Freight Wagon-truck.
Wagon-truck.
Wash-bowL A hollow vessel or dish to hold water for
washing— and for various other uses. A basin. Wash-
bowls are used in sleeping and drawing-room cars, and
generally form a part of a fixed wash-stand.
Wash-bowl Pipe. A pipe connected to a fixed wash-
bowl for carrying off the waste water. The pipe is
closed by a basin-plug. See 4, fig. 424.
Wash-bowl Stand. A support for a wash-bowl.
Washburn-wheeL A cast-iron car- wheel, designed and
patented by Nathan Washburn in 1850. It consists of
two plates, which extend from the hub to about half the
distance between it and the rim. There they unite into
one plate, which extends to the rim. The plates are all
curved so as to contract when the wheels are cooled
without danger of fracturing the wheel. The single
plate and the rim are united together and strengthened
by curved ribs cast on the inside of the wheel. See figs.
161. 162.
Washer. 1. An annular plate of metal or other material
which is placed under the head of a bolt or under a nut
to give it a secure bearing. See fig. 785.
2. A brush for washing objects, as windows or cars.
See
Base-washer. Double-washer.
Bell-cord-guide Washer. Packing-ring Washer.
Beveled-washer. Release-spring Washer.
Body-bolster Truss-rod Seat-back-arm. Washer.
Washer. Socket-washer.
Brace-rod Washer. Transom Truss-rod
Buffer-spring Washer. Washer.
Buffer-stem Washer. Triangular-waslier.
Car-washer. Truck-bolster Truss-rod
Cross-frame Truss-rod Washer.
Washer. Truss-rod Washer.
Twin-washer.
Wash-room Pump. A pump used in the wash-room of a
car for pumping water up from a tank into a basin or
wash-bowl. See fig. 381.
WAS
178
"WEB
"Wash-stand Sink. A cast-iron plate with one or nore
bowls made in one piece and lined with porcelain and
used for the top of a wash-stand. See 3, fig. 434.
"Wash-stand Slab. A stone slab which forms the top for a
w ash-stand.
Water-alcove. A recess in the side of a partition of a pas-
senger-car to receive the faucet of a water-cooler or
water-pipe and drinking-cup. The term is generally
used to designate a metal casing or lining with which the
recess is covered. See 134, figs. 219, 220 ; fig. 426.
Water-alcove Front. A metal guard usually made of
some ornamental design which incloses the bottom of a
■water-alcove to prevent the drinking-cup froni falling off.
See 1, fig. 426.
Water-alcove Pan. The bottom of a water-alcove. See 2,
fig. 426.
Water-closet. A retiring room furnished with a urinal
and soil-hopper. Sometimes politely called a saloon. See
130, figs. 216, 218, 219, 220.
Water-closet Door-plate. A metal plate attached to a
water-closet door to designate the place to which the door
leads. See also fig. 441.
Water-closet Handle. See Urinal-handle.
Water-closet Hopper. See Soil-lwpper.
Water-closet Latch. A latch for water-closet doors
which consists of a spring-bolt, usually with a stop on
the inside which locks the bolt fast, or with a separate
bolt for fastening the door from the inside. See fig..
526.
Water-closet Seat. A wooden seat with a hole in it over a
soil-hopper. See 131, figs. 216, 220.
Water-closet Seat-lid. A wooden cover for the hole in a
water-closet seat.
Water-closet Ventilating-jack. A cap or covering on the
top of a ventilating-pipe for a water-closet. See fig. 437.
Water-cooler. A tank or vessel for carrying drinking
water which is usually cooled with ice. The sides are
generally made double, and the space between is filled
with some non-conducting substance to keep the ice from
melting and keep the water cool. See 133, fig. 216. 1,
fig. 424.
Water-cooler Stand. A table, shelf, or support for a water-
cooler. See 3, fig. 424.
Water-drip. A pan or receptacle to receive the waste
water from a water-cooler.
Water-drip Pipe. A pipe connected with a water-drip
for conveying away the waste water from a water- cooler.
Water-table. A Window-ledge, which see.
Water-tank. A vessel or reservoir for holding water.
Those used on cars generally cany water for drinking or
washing, and are usually made of sheet-iron.
Webbing. A strong fabric, from one to four inches wide,.
WED
179
WHE
made of hemp or other material which is not liable to
stretch. It is used for supporting the seat-cushions.
"Wedge. A Journal-bearing Key, which see. See Stop-
wedge. TJncoupling-lever Wedge.
'Wedge-chain. A chain by which an uncoupling-lever
wedge is attached to the platform of a car. See 20, fig.
2S5.
Westinghouse Air-brake. A system of continuous brakes
invented and patented by Mr. George Westinghouse, Jr.,
which is operated by compressed-air. The air is com-
pressed by a steam-pump on the engine and is stored up
in a tank on the engine or tender. When the brakes are
applied the compressed-air is conveyed from the tank by
pipes connected together between the cars by flexible
hose to cylinders with pistons under each car, by means
of which the pressure of the air is communicated to the
brake-levers, and thence to the brake-shoes. This was
the first form of brake invented by Mr. Westinghouse ; a
later and improved form is the Westinghouse Automatic
Air-brake, which see.
Westinghouse Automatic Air-brake. A system of continu-
ous brakes, invented and patented by Mr. George Westing-
house, Jr., which is operated by compressed-air. The air is
compressed by a steam-pump on the engine, and is stored
up in a tank on the engine and in other tanks under
the tender and under each car, which are con-
nected with the steam or air-pump by pipes
and flexible hose between the cars. When the
brakes are to be applied, compressed-air is admitted
from the tank on the engine to an ingeniously contrived
valve called a triple-valve under each car, which releases
the compressed-air, stored up in the tank under that car,
and admits it to a cylinder provided with a piston which
is connected with a system of brake-levers, and the press-
ure of the air is thus transmitted to the brake-shoes. In
this brake, the air for operating the brakes on each car is
stored up in a tank on that car, whereas in other systems
of air-brakes the compressed-air to operate the pistons
under each car must all flow from the tank on the en-
gine, and in vacuum-brakes the air from the appliances
on the car used to operate the brakes must flow forward
to the engine, before the brakes can be applied. This
consumes an appreciable amount of time, 'whereas the
application of the automatic-brake is almost instantane-
ous. The triple-valve is so arranged, too, that the brakes
can be applied from each car by pulling a cord, and they
will also be applied to the rear part of a train in case it
should break in two parts, if one or more cars should be
separated from the rest of the train. See figs. 655-745.
Wheel. A circular frame or solid piece of wood or metal
which revolves on an axis. See
Brake-wheel. Brake Ratcliet-wlieel.
WHE
180
WHE
Broad-tread Wheel.
Car-wheel.
Combination Plate-wheel.
Combination-wheel.
Compromise-wheel.
Double-plate Wlieel.
Elastic-wheel.
Gear-wheel.
Hand-ear Wheel.
Sand-wheel.
Hollow-spoke Wheel,
Narrow-tread Wheel.
Open-plate Wlieel.
Pair of Wheels.
Paper-wheel.
Plate-wheel.
Ratchet-wheel.
Sax & Rear Wheel.
Set of WTieels.
Single-plate Wlieel.
Spoke-wheel.
Steeled-icheel.
Steel-iired Wheel.
Steel-wheel.
Street-car Wlieel.
Washburn-wheel.
Winding-shaft Ratchet-
wheel.
Wrought-iron Wlieel.
"Wheel-box. A covering for that part of the wheel of a
street-car which projects through the'floor. The sides
of the box are usually made of wood and the top of sheet-
iron, but they are sometimes made entirely of wood or
metal. See 13, figs. 750, 752.
Wheal-box Button. A stick of wood attached by a bolt to
the top of a wheel-box of a street-car so that it can be
turned, somewhat like a door-button, to hold the wheel-
box in its place. See 14, figs. 750, 752.
Wheel-centre. The portion of a car-wheel inside of the
tire. The term is used to designate the central part of
wheels which have separate tires, and is seldom applied
to wheels which are made solid or in one piece. See 4,
figs. 180-183.
Wheel-flange. A projecting edge or rim on the periphery
of a car-wheel for keeping it on the rail. See 26, fig.
138.
Wheel-piece. A stick of timber in a wooden-frame truck,
which forms the side of the frame and to which the ped-
estals are attached. See 10, figs. 88-94, 115-129, 131.
Wheel-piece Plate. An iron plate riveted to the inside or
outside of a wheel-piece of a truck to strengthen it. See
11, 12, figs, 128, 129. According to its position, it is
called the Inside or the Outside Wheel-piece Plate, which
see.
Wheel-piece Tie-rod. A rod which is placed on the iu-
side and lengthwise along a wheel-piece and which ties
the two end-pieces together. It is almost the same as a
wheel-piece truss-rod. The latter is depressed at the
middle so as to; act as a truss-rod, while a tie-rod is
straight from one end of a truck to the other.
Wheel-piece Truss-rod. A rod which extends lengthwise
to a wheel-piece and is inclined downward toward its
Gentre so as to strengthen it. It differs from a tie-rod in
being depressed at the middle so as to form a truss, while
the tie-rod runs straight from one end of the truck to .h&
other. See 13, figs. 118-126.
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WIN
Wheel-plate. That part of a plate car-wheel which con-
nects the rim and the hub. It occupies the place and
fulfills the same purpose as the spokes do in an open or
spoke wheel. See 22, fig. 138.
■Wheel-ribs. Projections cast usually on the inner side of
plate car-wheels to strengthen them. They are placed
in a radial position and are often curved so as to permit
the wheel to contract when it cools. Shown in figs. 155,
b
p
B
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et-
O
4
O
Ul
O
6
O
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f
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ST
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O
Ms
Q
6
3
No. of threads per
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Diameter of screw. .
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a
I
O
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Ui
O
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CD
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0
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a
158, 162, 170.
Wheel-seat. The part of an axle which is inserted in the
hub of a wheel. See 3, fig. 138, 143.
"Wheel-timber. A Wheel-piece, wnich see.
Wheel-tread. The outer surface or part of a car-wheel
5
%
30
18
16
14
%
%
%
12
11
10
9
1
m
IX
8
7
7
6
b
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m
1%
2
5
5
4K
4K
which bears on the rails. See 25, fig. 138.
Whitworth-Gauges. See Cylindrical-gauges.
"Whitworth System of Screw-threads. A system of
screw-threads designed by Sir Joseph Whitworth, of
England, and which is almost universally used in that
country. It differs from the Sellers system in that the
sides of the threads stand at an angle of 55 degrees in-
stead of 60 degrees, and the tops of the threads and the
spaces between them at the root are rounded, as shown in
fig. 795, instead of being flat, as in the Sellers system.
The number of threads per inch in the two systems is as
follows :
The Whitworth system is used to a limited extent in
this country.
Whole-frame Truck. A Continuous-frame Truck, which
see.
Wicket. See Fare-wicket.
Wide-gauge. The distance between the heads of the rails
of a railroad when it is greater than 4 ft. 8J2 in. See
Gauge.
Winding-shaft, for Drop-doors of Coal-cars, etc. A shaft
extending crosswise on a car, and on which the chains
tor closing tne drop-doors are wound. See 129, figs.
77, 79.
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182
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Winding-shaft Plate. A plate on ths side of a drop-bot-
tom coal-car which forms a bearing for the -winding-
shaft. See 133, figs. 77-79.
Winding-shaft Ratchet-wheeL A notched wheel attached
to a "winding-shaft, with which a pawl engages and thus
prevents the shaft from turning. See 130, figs. 77, 79.
Windlass. See Brake-windlass.
Window. -'An opening in the wall of a building or car
for the admission of light and of air when necessary.
This opening has a frame on the sides, in which are set
movable sashes containing panes of glass.'" — Webster.
See 137, figs. 215-217, 219, 223, 228-230 ; 8, figs. 299-301 ;
64, figs. 730, 552, 753. See also Clear-story Window.
Twin-u-indow.
Window Bar-lift. A short horizontal metal bar attached
to a heavy sash with two flanged studs or stanchions.
They are generally used for the large sashes of sleeping
and drawing-room cars. See fig. 319.
Window-blind. A wooden screen composed of a frame
and slats placed in the window to exclude sunshine.
Such blinds are made in one or more sections or parts.
See also 140, figs. 215, 219,222 ; 17, 18, fig. 301 ; 69, fig.
750. See
Double Window-blind. Single Window-blind.
Lower Window-blind. Upper Window-blind.
Window-blind Bolt. A bolt used for holding- a window-
blind in any desired position. See fig. 320.
Window-blind-bolt Bushing. A bushing for lining a hole
into which a blind-bolt slides. They are also used for
sash-bolts. Same as Window-latch Bushing, fig. 310.
Window-blind-bolt Plate. A plate attached to the post
ormoulding of a car-window and in which a window-blind
bolt engages. Same as Window-latch Plate, figs. 314, 315.
Window-blind Lift. A metal hook or catch fastened to a.
blind to take hold of in raising or lowering a window-
blind. They are usually attached to the bottom rails of
steam-car blinds, which are raised above the window.
Street-car blinds are lowered below the window, ami
therefore the lift is attached to the top rail of the blind.
Also called window-blind pull. See 25, 26, fig. 301 ; figs-
321-324 ; 73, fig. 750. See
Double Window-blind
Lift.
Lower Window-blind
Lift.
Single Window-blind
Lift.
Upper Window-blind
Lift.
Window-blind Mullion. An upright bar in the centre of
a window-blind sash. See 15, fig. 301 ; 72, fig. 750.
Window-blind Pull. A Window-blind Lift, which see.
Window-blind Bail A horizontal piece or bar of a win-
dow-blind sash. See 14, fig. 301 ; 71, fig. 750.
Window-blind Rest. 1. A wooden strip placed in the
WIN
183
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groove in -which a window-blind slides and on which it
rests when down,
2. A horizontal strip of wood, used on street-cars,
which extends from one body-post to another and on
which the blind rests when it is lowered. See 49, fig.
752.
"Window-blind Sash. The frame in which the slats of a
window-blind are set or held. See 86, figs. 215, 219, 222,
225 ; 13, 14, fig. 301 ; 70, 71, fig. 750.
Window-blind Slat. One of a number of thin strips of
■wood which are set in the frame of a window-blind in an
inclined position, but with some space between them, so
as to exclude the sunshine, but to permit the air to circu-
late-freely in warm weather. See 17, 18, fig. 301 ; 69,
fig. 750.
Window-blind Spring. The same as a Window-sash
Spring, which see.
Window-blind Stile. An upright piece or bar which forms
part of a window-blind sash. See 13, fig. 301 ; 70, fig.
750.
Window-blind Stop. An Inside Window-stop, which see.
Window-button. A small piece of, metal swiveled by a
screw, and which supports a window when it is up and
holds it open. See figs. 306, 307. See L Window-button.
V Window-button.
Window-casing. A frame which incloses or surrounds a
Often called an Inside
window. See 7, figs. 299, 301.
Window-stop.
Window-cornice. An ornamental projecting structure
usually made of wood and placed over a window on the
inside. It is used for decoration only. See 34, fig. 300.
Window Cove-moulding. A small concave moulding
around the sides and top of a window on the inside of a
passenger-car. See 87, fig. 225.
Window-curtain. A cloth or some kind of textile ma-
terial hung over a window to exclude sunshine, and
which can be either raised, lowered, spread, or drawn
aside at pleasure. See 23, fig. 298 ; 37, figs. 299, 300.
Window-curtain Bar. An iron bar attached to the lower
edge of a rolling window-curtain as a weight to hold the
curtain down.
Window-curtain Cord. A piece of twine attached to a
window-curtain roller for rolling up or raising the curtain.
Window-curtain-cord Tightener. An adjustable metal
fixture attached to the side of a window for keeping the
window-curtain cord taut. See fig. 339.
Window-curtain Holder. A metal hook fastened to the
window-post on the side of a window for holding a cur-
tain when it is drawn aside. See 89, figs. 299, 300 ; fig.
340.
Window-curtain Hook. A metal hook attached to a win-
WIN
184
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dow curtain, and by which the latter is hung from a rod
over the window.
"Window-curtain Leather. A stripof leather sewed to the
lower edge of a rolling window-curtain, partly for orna-
ment, and to take hold of in moving the curtain, and to
protect its lower edge from wear. See 28, figs. 296, 298.
Window-curtain Pulley. A small grooved wheel, which is
attached to a window-curtain roller, and on which a cord
runs to turn the roller and thus raise or lower the curtain.
See fig. 336.
Window-curtain Rings. Rings made of metal, wood,
india-rubber, or other material, which are attached to a
curtain and by which it is hung from a rod over the
window so that it can be drawn or withdrawn over or
from the window. See 32, fig. 299 ; fig. 335.
Window-curtain Rod. A rod placed over a window and
to which a window-curtain is hung. See 30, fig. 299 ;
fig. 334.
Window-curtain-rod Bracket. An angular knee or stay
usually made of metal and attached to the side or over a
window and which forms a support for a window-curtain
roller. See fig. 338.
Window-curtain-rod Stanchion. A metal eye, bolt, or
post, attached to the side of a passenger-car and which
holds a window-curtain rod in its place. See 31, fig. 299 ;
1, fig. 334.
Window-curtain Roller. A wooden or metal cylinder
placed over a window and on which a curtain is rolled.
The curtains in figs. 298 and 300 are hung on rollers.
Window-curtain Roller-bearing. A small metal eye-
screwed fast to the side of a window to hold the pin
or journal of a window-curtain roller, and in which the
latter turns. See fig. 337.
Window-curtain Tassel. An ornamental bunch of strings
attached to a window-curtain and used to take hold of
in pulling the curtain down. See 33, fig. 300.
Window-fastener. A Window-latch, which see.
Window-glass. Panes of glass used for windows. See 6,
figs. 299-301.
Window-grating. A wrought or cast iron partition made
of bars, or in other form placed on the outside of the
windows of passenger-cars to prevent passengers from
being injured by putting their heads or arms outside.
Window-guards. Small metal rods, usually made of iron,
placed in front of the end windows of passenger and.
street cars to protect the glass from being broken. Sec
77, fig. 753.
Window-holder. See Spring Window-holder. . Windoic-
button. Windoiv-latch.
Window-latch. A spring-bolt which is attached to a win-
dow-sash or a window-blind and provided with a suita-
ble thumb lever so that the bolt can be withdrawn with.
WIN
185
"WIN
the finger and. thumb of one hand. Such latches are
used for holding car-window sashes up in any desired
position, and also to fasten them down when the window
is closed. See 22, figs. 298-301 ; figs. 308, 309. See Clear-
story Window-latch.
[A variety of terms are used to designate this part of a car.
In most of the trade catalogues it is called a sash-lock, but Web-
ster says the word lock is " now appropriated to an instrument
composed of a spring, wards, and a bolt of iron or steel, used
to fasten doors, chests, and the like. The bolt is moved by a
key." Knight says a lock is " a device having a bolt moved by
a key, and serving to secure a door, lid, or other object." The
device used for fastening car- windows is therefore not properly
a lock, because it has no Key. Of the word latch Webster says :
"The primary sense of the root is, to catch, to close, stop, or
make fast." Therefore Window-latch was the term adopted to
designate this device.]
"Window-latch Belt. A metal pin in a window-latch,
which holds the sash in any desired position. See 1,
figs. 308, 309.
"Window-latch Bushing. A metal ring or thimble let into
a parting-strip to receive the bolt of a window-latch. It
acts as a Window-latch Stop, which see. See fig. 310.
"Window-latch Lower-stop. A stop attached to a window-
post, near the bottom of a window, into which the win-
dow-lock bolt engages to hold the window down, and
prevent it from being opened from the outside. See 24,
fig. 301 ; fig. 312. See Windoic-latch Stop.
"Window-latch Plate. A metal plate attached to a window-
post, and with a suitable hole in it, in which a window-
latch bolt engages. See figs. 314, 315.
Window-latch Back. A piece of metal attached to the
side of a window with notches on one side, shaped like
saw-teeth, against which the blind or sash-bolts catch.
The notches are intended to hold the blind or window at
any desired height. See fig. 313.
Window-latch Spring'. A spring, usually of spiral form,
and made of wire, attached to a window-latch bolt to
move it out, so as to engage with the stop or plate when
the window is in the desired position. See 2, fig. 309.
Window-latch Stop. A metal lug or plate attached to the
window-post, parting-strip, or mouldings, and with which
the bolt of a window-latch engages to keep the window
up or down. See 23, 24, fig. 301; figs. 311, 312. See
Window-latch Loiver-stop. Window-latch Upper-stop.
Window-latch Bushing.
Window-latch Trigger. A thumb-piece or handle with
which a window-latch bolt is withdrawn from its stop or
keeper. See 3, figs. 308, 309.
Window-latch "Upper-stop. A stop above the one which
holds the window down. See 23, fig. 301 ; fig. 311. See
Window-latch Stop.
Window-ledge. A projecting moulding outside of a car
which extends from one end of it to the other above the
wnr
186
WIN
windows, and intended to shed the rain. It is used
chiefly on street-ears. See 45, figs. 750, 752, 753.
Window-lift. A metal finger-hold or leather strap at-
tached to the bottom rail of a window-sash for raising
and lowering it. Leather straps are seldom used except-
ing on street-cars. See 21, figs. 298-301 ; figs. 316-319 ;
67, figs. 750, 752. See Flush Window-lift. Window
Bar-lift.
Window-lintel. A horizontal piece of wood on the out-
side of a passenger-car between the posts and over the
window-openings. See 90, figs. 215, 221, 224.
Window-moulding. A strip of wood, usually of an orna-
mental shape, around or on each side of a window,
which generally covers the joint between the panel and
post on the inside of passenger-cars, and which some-
times forms a groove on the post in which a window
or window-blind slides. See 88, fig. 225 ; 8, figs. 299-
301 • 53, figs. 750, 752. See Inside Window-stop.
Window-moulding Base. An ornament made of wood,
metal, or other material which is attached to the lower
end of a window-moulding. See 10, fig. 301.
Window-moulding Joint-cover. A piece of metal, wood,
or other material, used for covering the joints of win-
dow-mouldings when two pieces join each other. See 9.
fig. 301 ; fig. 341.
Window-mullion, An upright piece or bar in the middle
of a window-sash. Similar to 146', fig. 218.
Window-opener. A contrivance, as a lever or rod', for
opening a window. It is used chiefly for the win-
dows in the clear-story of a car which are out of reach.
See Clear-story Window-opener.
Window-panel. See End Window-panel. Inside Windoic-
panel. Outside Window-panel.
Window-panel Furring. Horizontal distance-pieces cf
wood placed between the window-posts and to which
the paneling is fastened. See 59, figs. 215, 218, 221,
226.
Window-pivot. A metal pin or pivot attached to a sash
and on which the latter turns. See Clear-story Window-
pivot, fig. 327.
Window-pivot Bushing. A ring or lining for the hole in
a clear-story window-post, in which a window-pivot
works. Same as fig. 310. See Clear-story Window-pivot
Bushing.
Window-pivot Plate. A plate attached to a window-post
or frame, with a hole or eye in which a window-pivot
works. Sometimes they are provided with springs so as
to prevent the sash from rattling. See fig. 331. See also
Clear-story Windoiv-pivot Plate.
Window-post. A post at the side of a window-opening
against which the sash and blind slide, and which forms
WIN
187
WIN
part of the frame of the side of a car-body. See 58, figs.
215, 216, 218, 221, 226, 229, 230 ; 15, figs. 750-752.
■Window-rail. A horizontal piece or bar of a window-sash.
See 12, figs. 299-301 ; 65, figs. 750, 752, 753.
Window-sash. A frame which holds the window-glass.
See 85, figs. 215, 219, 225, 226, 228, 229 ; 11, 12, figs. 299-
301 ; 65, 66, figs. 750, 752, 753. See Door-ease Window-
sash.
Windcw-sash. Holder. See Window-latch. Spring Win-
dow-holder.
Window-sash lift. A Window-lift, which see.
Window-sash Rest. A strip of wood used on street-cars,
and which extends from one body-post to another, and on
which the sash rests when it is lowered. See 50, fig. 752.
Window-sash Spring. A metal spring attached to the
edge of the stile of a window or blind sash to prevent it
from rattling. These are made of various forms, some
of them consist of a metal plate, like that shown in fig.
303, attached to the window-sash at one end, which is
called a single window-sash spring ; others like that shown
in fig. 302, which is a metal plate fastened in its centre
to the sash, and is called a double window-sash spring.
Still others are of a spiral form, and are let into the sash,
as shown by fig. 304, and are called spiral windoiv-sash
springs.
Window-shade. A term used to designate a window-
curtain, which is rolled on a roller above the window,
in distinction from one which is drawn aside. See 23,
figs. 296, 298 ; 27', fig. 300.
Window-sill. A horizontal piece under a window, on
which a window or blind sash rests when down. Window-
sills are made of wood and also of cast-iron. See Inside
Window-sill. Outside Window-sill.
Window-sill Cap. A thin board attached to the top of an
inside window-sill. See 79, figs. 225, 226.
Window-sill Moulding. A small wooden moulding under
an inside window-sill. See 80, figs. 225, 226.
Window-spring. See Windoiv-sash Spring. Spring Win-
doiv-holder.
Window-stile. An upright piece or bar of a window-
sash. See 11, figs. 299-301 ; 66, figs. 750, 752.
Window-stop. See Outside Window-stop. Inside Window-
stop.
Winslow Car-roof. A car-roof, patented by A. P. Wins-
low, which consists of metal plates which extend cross-
wise to the car. They are made with corrugations and
are let into grooves in the rafters. The latter are covered
with strips of sheet-iron and the •whole with a layer of
transverse boards, which are fastened to longitudinal pur-
lins attached to the rafters or carlines. See fig. 66.
Winslow Car-stove. A stove which was invented and
patented by Mr. A. P. Winslow, of Cleveland. It has a
WIB,
188
YOK
reservoir in the base for water, which is intended to put
out the fire in case the car is overturned. See figs. 547,
548.
"Wire. See Seal-wires.
"Wire-covered Bell-cord. See Bell-cord.
Wire-gauze, for Ventilator. A fine netting made cf wire
with which the outside of ventilator openings are cov-
ered to prevent the admission of dust into the cars.
Wood. See Dead-wood.
Wooden-frame Truck. A car-truck, of which the wheel-
pieces and end-pieces are made of wood. Figs. 88-94,
115-126, 128, 129 are illustrations of wooden-frame trucks.
Wooden Floor-mat. A sort of grating made of strips of
wood, with distance-pieces and spaces between, and
bolted together. They are placed on the floors of horse-
cars so that the feet of passengers will not come in con-
tact with the dirt and moisture on the floor.
Wood-screw. A small cylindrical bar of iron with a
wood screw-thread cut on it and with a slotted head so
that it can be turned with a screw-driver, and used for
fastening any object, as a hinge or a lock, etc., to
wood.
Wood Screw-thread. A form of screw-thread used for
male screws which are intended to screw into wooden
objects. It differs from a metal thread in having the
spaces between the projections wider than the latter.
This kind of thread is shown in fig. 779.
Wool-packed Spiral-spring. A spiral-spring the centre of
which is packed with wool. See fig. 209.
Worm. See Brake-chain Worm.
Wrecking-car. See Tool-car. Derrick-car.
Wrench, for Packing-nuts of Westinghouse-brake. A
wrench for screwing up the piston-rod packing-nuts. See
fig. 745.
Wrench, for Discharge-valve Seats of Westinghouse-brake.
A wrench for screwing and unscrewing the discharge-
valve seats. See fig. 746.
"Wrought-iron Wheel. A car-wheel with a steel tire and
with a wTought-iron centre. Such wheels are made
either with spokes or with solid plates. See figs. 182,
183.
Y
Yoke. See Spring-yoke.
Engravings.
[See the Directions and Index to Engravings, following the Preface.]
iyo
Passenger Cars.
»
jjg; i-wrng je ■ grr eshk; jw pg pag gj i H' WBim, gg ee iwrcsiij igEfl.L.. S BBS EJB ,, i US wwib @g , gBj;F
PHIIIP
SiiSlli
Ij|l
H
JVff. 1.
Slkepeng and Hotkl Car.
Passenger Cars.
191
war: -gBaBiBfeT^w^i^paj^i^iaQ M 5illptt|^
Fig. 2.
Dhlawinq-rooh CA2.
192
Passenger Cars.
~^rfF^5~~~~:-™--r.l "^^.:\7tLf-*~ij-^- .-J~"fYTl':'.!'J,f"_
Fig. 3.
R.ESTALTTLANT CAR.
Passenger Cars.
193
Fig. 4.
Passenger Car or Coach.
194
Mail Car.
Fig. 5.
Post-office Cas.
Baggage, Express or. Mail Car.
195
Fig. 6.
Express, Mail ok Saooage Cap.
196
Baggage and Express or Mail Car.
11
Combined Eagcage and Express or Mail Car.
Passenger and Baggage Car.
197
Fig. 8.
Combined Passenger and Mail, Baggage, or Express Car.
19£
Passenger Cars.
Fig. 9.
SUBUKB-IK ESCCESIOK CAK.
Freight Cars.
!90
sifeif f
FUj. 10.
Eight-wheeled Conductor's oh Caboose Car.
Fig. 11.
Four-wheeled Conductor's or C/boooe Car.
200
FreigJit Cars.
Fig. 12.
Eight-wheeled Bos Cah.
-Fig. 13.
FODR-WnEELED Box CAR.
Freight Cars.
201
pw
;■' ■ ' : i r\ ii :n ■ ,
®*ES! "
!e= as;
1 '
S-- i3i
:«*, »■
JFYff. 14.
Combined Bos and Cattle Cah.
1 . Ladder-sides.
2. Ladder-rounds.
Freight Cars
Fig. 15.
Caiti.3 Cat.
Freight Cars.
203
Fig. 1C.
Horse Cak.
20 1
Freight Cars.
Fig. 17.
Milk Cirt.
Freight Cars.
205
Fig. 18.
Eeitjcdkator Car.
206
Freight Cars.
Fig. 19.
Eight-wheeled Gondola-car.
1. Stake-pocket.
Fig. SO.
Flat-car.
1. Stake-pocket.
Fig. 21.
Flat-car, with Stakes.
1. Stake. 2. Stake-rest. 3. Stake-hod:;.
Fig. 22.
'Tank or Oil Car.
Freight Cars.
207
LS?
I4£_
Fig. 23.
FOUR-WHEELED GtONTjOLA-CAE. .
i^ifif. 25.
Eight -ttheeled Hopper-bottom Coal-car
i<Y<7. 2-1.
Hopper-bottom Gondola-car.
i'Vgr. 26.
Iron-hopper Coal-car.
208
Freight Cars.
«WI:
IIMI
1 - * -^ygfe?^ : p-.'fl^^nj.
k&
Fig 27.
FOUR-WHEELED EoPPER-BOTTOM COAL-CA3.
JVff. 29.
Four-wheeled Tip-car.
J-jg. 28.
Eight wheeled Tip-car.
i-V'Si. 30.
MnfE-CAR.
Work Cars.
209
Fig. 33.
Sweeping-car.
A. Snow-scraper.
Fig. 32.
Ferry Posh-oar.
210
Snow Plow.
Fig. 34.
Street Cars.
211
Fig. 35.
Inclined-plane Car.
Fig. 36.
Two-horse Street-car,
JVith two platforms.
Fig. 37.
Fare-bcx Street-car.
frig. 38.
Double-deck or Top-seat Street-car.
212
Street Cars.
. Fig. 3a.
Summer Street-car,
With seats facing one way.
Fig. 40.
SrimcR Street-car,
With seats vis-a-vis.
Fig. 41.
One-horse or Bob-tail Street-car.
1. End-step. 2 . Step Hand-rail . 3. Step-iron.
Fig. 42.
Reversible Street-car.
Door-apron. 2. Door Hand-rail. 3. Step-iron.
Hand Car
s.
218
Fig. 43.
CK.LSK HaND-CAH.
Fig. 44.
Levee Hand-cae.
Fig. 45.
Inspection Hand-car.
Fig. 46.
Express Fand-cae.
Jfy. 47.
Theee-wheeled Hand-car
JVff. 48.
Push-car.
214
Freight Trucks.
Fig. 49.
Wagon-truck.
I5?jP
Fiq 50.
Freight Wagon-truck.
Fig. 51.
Freight Barrow-truck.
Baggage Trucks.
215
Fig. 53.
Baggage Barrow-trcck.
Fig. 54.
Baggage Barrow-truce.
316
FREIGHT-CAR BODIES.
List of Najtes of the Parts of Freight-car Bootes which are Designated bt the Numbers .in Figs. 55-84.
1 Sill.
2 End-sill.
3. Intermediate Floor-
timbers.
4. Centre Floor-timbers.
5 Short Floor-timber.
6 Brake-hanger Timber.
7- Floor-timber Dis-
tance-block.
8. Floor-timber Braces.
9 Silt Knee-iron.
10. Sill Tie-rod.
11. Transverse Floor-tim-
bers.
12. Body-bolster.
13. Body-bolster Truss-
rod.
14. Body-bolster Truss-
rod Washer.
15. Body-bolster Truss-
block.
16. Body Side-bearing.
17. Body Centre-plate.
18. King-bolt.
19. Bod|/ Truss-rod.
20. Bocty Truss-rod Sad-
dle.
21. i?oc7t/ Truss-rod Bear-
ing.
22. Cross-frame Tie-tim-
ber.
23. Draw-bar.
24. Draic-spring.
25. Auxiliary Buffer-
spring.
26. Draw-timbers.
27. .FVoo;-.
28. Upper-floor.
29. Buffer-block.
30. Sill-step.
31. Sill-step Stay.
32. Dead-blocks.
32'. Buffer-beam.
33. /S7r?e Body-brace.
34. SicZe Body-brace Rod.
35. 27nd Body-brace.
36. Sill-and-Plate Rod.
37. Body-counter-bra cc.
38. Brace-rod Washer.
39. Brace-pocket.
40. Right-hand Brace-
pocket.
4L Double Brace-pocket.
42. Body-post.
43. Corner-post.
44. Door-post.
45. Coi-tter-posf Pocket.
46. Pfafc.
47. Plate-rod
4S. End-plate.
49. ffirta.
50. End-girth.
51. End-girth Tie-rod.
52. Sheathing.
53. Inside-lining.
54. Lining-strips.
55. Upper Comer-plate.
56. Middle Corner-plate.
57. Xo:t-<?)' Corner-plate.
58. Pull-iron.
59. Ladder-rounds.
60. Ladder-handle.
61. Grated-door.
62. Grain-door.
63. Grain-door Rod.
64. Door-sill.
Freight-car Bodies.
217
65. Top Door-track.
66. Bottom Door-trad-:.
67. Door-track Bracket.
6S. Door-hanger.
69. Door-brace.
70 Door-shoe.
71 Open<loor Stop.
72. Ciosed-door Stop.
73= Door-hasp.
74. Door-p>in.
75 Door-pin Chain.
76 Lock-chain.
77 Door-guards.
78. Door-handle.
79. Freight-car Lock.
80. Card-rack.
81. Carline, or Carling.
82. Main-carline.
83. Purlin.
84. Ridge-pole.
85. Rooj-braces.
86. Roof-boards.
87- .Roo/ Running-board.
88. Roof Running-bcard
Extension.
89.
-Roo/ Running-board
107.
Tank-band.
130.
Winding-shaft Ratche
Bracket.
1C8.
Tank-dome.
vmeel.
90.
Eaves-moulding.
109.
Dome-head.
131.
Pawl, for Winding-
91.
Eaves Fascia-board.
110.
Man-hole.
shaft Raichet-ivheel.
92.
Roof-step.
111.
Man-hole Cover.
132.
Dog, for Pawl of
93.
Brake-wheel.
112.
Man-hole Ring.
Windin g-sh aft
94.
Brake-shaft.
113.
Man-hole Hinge.
Ratchet-wheel.
95.
Horizontal Brake-
114.
Tank-valve.
133.
Winding-shaft Plate.
shaft.
115.
Tank-valve Seat, or
134.
Lnclined End-floor.
96.
Upper Brake-shaft
Tank-nozzle.
135.
Inclined Side-floor-
Bearing.
116.
Tank-valve Cage.
ing.
97.
Lower Brake-shaft
117.
Tank-valve Rod.
136.
Top Side-rail.
Bearing.
118.
Tank-nozzle Cap.
137.
Top End-rail.
98.
Brake-shaft Step.
119.
Running-board.
138.
Draw-bar Cross-
99.
Brake-shaft Bracket.
120.
Running-board.
timber.
100.
Brake-step.
Brackets.
139.
Draw-gear Tie-rod.
101.
Brake step Bracket.
121.
Hand-rail.
140.
Coupling-pin.
102.
Corner-handle.
122.
Hand-rail Post.
141.
Train Signal-lamp.
103.
Brake Ratchet-wheel.
123.
Drop-bottom.
142.
Brake-head.
103'
Brakepaiul.
124.
Drop-bottom Chain.
143.
Brake-beam.
104.
Horizontal Brake-
125.
Drop-bottom Hinge.
144.
Brake-hanger.
shaft Chain.
126.
Drop-door Beam.
145.
Brake-lever.
105.
Brake-shaft-chain
127.
Strap, for Drop-door
146.
Brake-lever Fulcrum.
Sheave.
Beam.
147.
Brake-lever Guide.
106.
Tank, for Tank-car.
128.
Eye-bolt.
148.
Brake-lever Bracket.
106'
Tank-head.
129.
Winding-shaft.
213
Freight-car Bodies.
119.
Brake-lever-bracket
154.
Tip-car Door.
162. Side-stop.
163.
Pedestal Tie-bar.
Brace.
155.
Rocker.
163. Corner-post Brace.
169.
Pedestal-timber.
150.
Brake-shaft CJiain.
156.
Rocker-bearing.
164. Equalizing-bar Pedes-
170.
Spring-hanger.
151.
Brake-shaft Connect-
157.
Rocker-bearing Timber.
tal.
171.
Spring-lianger Iron.
ing-rod.
158.
Rocker-bearing-timber
155. Journal-box.
172.
Pedestal.
152.
Secondary Brake-rod.
Sanger.
166. Pedestal Brace-tie-
173.
Draw-bar Friction-
152'"
Lower Brake-rod.
159.
Rocker-timber.
bar.
plate.
153.
Inclined Floor-tim-
bers.
160.
161.
Side-rest.
Centre-siov.
167. Pedestal Stay-rod.
174.
Clear-story.
Freight-car Bodies.
319
For list of names of the parts designated by the numbers in the engraving, see page 216,
XL 6 C j 2 S 4 I 0 7 2
JYff. 55.
Box-cau Body, Central Railroad of Netv Jersey.
Side View.
220
Freight-car Bodies.
For list of names of the parts designated by the numbers in the engraving, see page 21 G.
£2
&
L4.,.tj-ai - I.
r~44
n rK-g' n n<-ai n ■■ [L_^ia
— 5 T ? 5 ft.
Longitudinal Section. Fig. 50. Outside View, showing Framing.
Box-car Body, Central Railroad of New Jersey.
Freight-car Bodies.
221
For list of names of the parts designated by the numbers in the engraving, see page 218.
Half Plan, showing Framing. Fig. 57. Half Plan, showing Floor.
Bos-car Body, Central Railroad of New Jersey.
2:2
Freight-car Bodies.
For list of names of the parts designated by the numbers in the engravings, see page 21t>.
]---:— h— — f- a-
Fig. 5S. Fig. 59.
TWinsverse Section. End View.
Bos-car Body. Central Railroad of New Jersey.
Freight-car Bodies.
223
For list of names of the parts designated by the numbers in the engraving, see page 216.
87. ' £7_
S3 p S7 _ E7 87 1 IS
:,^va-— -" — -e— "■-; "; - I 1 i I I I I l' f H I I I I I !« I I M i 1. 1 I'. I' I 1 MTl' [ I fill I sb | | .f i f f f f i I' | | | | I I | 1 I | I f
_E3
S3
83
SS
■94.
jFig. 60.
Box-car Bodt, New York Central Railroad.
Side View.
224
Freight-car Bodies.
For list of names of the parts designated by the numbers in the engraving, see page 216.
Fig. 61.
Bos-cap. Bodt, New Tore Cektrai. Railroad.
Longitudinal Section.
Freight-car Bodies.
225
For list of names of the parts designated by the numbers in the engraving, seepage 216.
Half Plan, showing Framing. Fig. 62. Half Plan, showing Roof.
Box-car Body, New York Central Railroad.
226
Freight-car Bodies.
For list of names of the parts designated by the numbers in the engraving, seepage CIS.
Fig. 64.
Transverse Section.
Box-car Body. Xew Yore Central Railroad.
FrcigJit-car Roofs.
227
Fig. 66. Plan.
TVd.si.ow Car-roof.
Fig. CT.
Corrugated- metal Car-hoof.
>
Fig. 68.
Section of Double-board Car-roof.
228
Freight-car Bodies.
For list of names of the parts designated by the numbers in the engraving, seepage 216.
S7 £7 i 85 t7 8(3
"^ ail
a 3j
1=1
\tl 23.'-v;40
Scafi
Sz'rfe Fide.
11 6 o L 2 3 4 5 3 r 8n.
i*Vg. 69. Longitudinal Section.
Cattle-car Body. Pes-nstltama Railroad.
Freight-car Bodies.
.929
For list of names of the parts designated by the numbers in the engraving, see page 216.
Half Plan, showing Floor Framing , Fig. 70. Half Plan, showing Roof.
Cattle car Body, Pexnsylvakta Railroad.
230
Freight-car Bodies.
For list of names of the parts designated by the numbers in the engravir-QS, see page 21G.
Fig. 72.
Transverse Section.
Cattle-car Body, Pennsylvania Railroad.
Freight-car Bodies.
231
For list of names of theparts designated by the numbers in the engraving, see page 21G.
■*&!«
108
1 U_ _
4=^
REZ5C
118 I|l4
IIS-o-
, Scale
Outside Vieu
12 SO i 234 56
Fig. 73.
Tane or Oil Car.
Longitudinal Section.
232
Freight-car Bodies.
For list of names of the parts designated by the numbers in the engraving, seepage 216
Fig. 74.
Ta>s or Oil Car.
Half Flan, showing Floor Framing.
■Freight-car Bodies.
233
For list of names of the parts designated by the numbers in the engravings, see page 21G.
m.
30
2 Iffi
rr ~~;
m
931
a 2
JO
30
2_
i%7. 75.
.End View.
Task on Oil Cah.
Fig. 76.
Transverse Section.
234
Freight-car Bodies.
For list of names of the parts designated by
the numbers in the engraving, see page 216.
Longitudinal Section. Fig. 77.
Four-wheeled Hopper-bottoii Coal-car, 2sew York Central Railroad.
Side View.
Freight-car Bodies.
For list of names of the parts designated by The numbers in the -engraving, seepage 216.
. IBS
Half Plan, showing Floor Framing. Fig. 78. Half Plan.
Four-wheeled Hoppee-bottoji Coal-car, New York Central Railroad.
238
Freight-car Bodies.
For list of names of the parts designated by the numbers in the engravings, seepage -16.
.127
m
«3Ni i -
UP &, <•
^
m
l ~
End View.
Fig. 70.
Transverse Sectioi.
Fig. 80.
Plan of Brake.
Four-wheeled Hopper-bottom Coal-cak, New Tors Cextral Railroad.
Freight-car Bodies.
For list of names of the parts designated by the numbe,
i.
rs in, the engraving, seepage 216.
136
2.37
Fig.'S,!. Tip-oar.
Freight-car f\ Bodies.
Longitudinal Section. Fig. 82. Side View.
F0UK-1VHE=LED CONDUCTOR'S CAR, PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD.
Freight-car Bodies.
m
For list of names of the parts designated by the numbers in the engraving, see page 21G.
12. 6 0 I 2 3 4 5 S T Bff.
Half Plan, showing Floor Framing. Fig. S3. Half Plan, showing Inside.
Four-wheeled Conductor's Car, Pennsylvania Railroad.
240
Freight-car Bodies.
For list of names of the parts designated by the numbers in the engravings, see page 216.
172
Transverse Section, Fig. S4. End View.
FoUTl-"n"HEELED COXDUCTOR'S CAR, rEXNSYI.YA>TA R * ixroad.
Fig. 85.
X Car-roof.
Transverse Section.
Freight-car Bodies.
241
Fig. 86.
Stake-pocket.
1. Stake-pocket.
2. Stake pocket V-boli.
Fig. 87.
Stake-sleeve.
1. Strike-pocket.
2. Stake-sleeve.
242
CAR TRUCKS.
List of Names of
the Parts of Car-trccks .vhtch are
Designated by the Numbers
in Figs. SS-133.
1.
Car-wheel.
14.
Arch-bar.
23.
Transom-casting.
40.
Lateral Motion Spring.
2.
Car-axle.
15.
Inverted Arch-bar.
20.
Transom-pillar.
41.
Lateral-motion Spring-
3.
Journal-box.
16.
Auxiliary ArcJi-bar .
&0.
Truck-le-lster.
pin,
4.
Journal-box Cover.
17.
End-piece, of Truck-
31.
Truck-bolster Truss-
42.
Spring-beam.
5.
Pedestal.
frame.
rod.
43.
Spring-plank.
6.
Pedestal Tie-bar.
18.
Truck-frame King-
32.
Truck-bolster Truss-
44.
Spring-plank Bear-
7.
Pedestal Stay-rod.
post.
blosk.
ing.
3.
Pedestal-brace.
19.
■
33.
Tnlcic-holster Kin~:-
45.
Spring-plank Safety
8'
Pedestal Brace-tie-
20.
Transom.
p^st.
strap.
bar.
21.
Middle-transom, for
34.
Truck-bolster Truss-
46.
Swing-hangers.
9.
Continuous Truck-
Six-wheeled Truck.
rod Bearing.
47.
Upper Swing-hanger
frame.
22.
Outside-transom, for
35.
Truck-bolster Truss-
Pivot.
10.
Wlieel-piece.
Six-wheeled Truck.
rod Washer.
48.
Lower Swing-hanger
11.
Outside Wlieel-piece
23.
Transom Tie-bar.
36.
Truck-bolster Chafing-
Pivot.
Plate.
24.
Transom Truss-rod.
plate.
49.
Swing-hanger Pivct-
12.
Inside Wheel-piece
25.
Transom Truss-block.
37.
Bolster Guide-bars.
bcaring.
Plate.
26.
Transom-truss-rod
38.
Bolster Guide-block.
50.
Swing-hanger Fric-
13.
Wlieel-piece Truss-
Washer.
39.
Truck-frame Queen-
tion-block.
rod.
27.
Transom Chafing-plate.
posts.
51.
Safety-beam.
Car Trucks.
243
52. Middle Safety-beam.
53. Safety-beam Block.
54. Axle Safety-bearing.
55. Axle Safety-strap.
56. Axle Safety-bearing
Thimbles.
57. Safety-beam Truss-
rod.
58. Safety-beam Truss-
rod Bearing.
59. Safety-beam Tie-rod.
63. Safety-beam Iron.
61. Truck Side-bearing.
62. Side-bearing Bridge.
63. Truck Centre-plate.
64. Centre-plate Block.
65. Centre-bearing Beam.
66. Centre-bearing Arch-
bar.
67. Centre-bearing In-
verted Arch-bar.
68. Check-chain.
69. Truck Check-chain
Hook.
70. Truck Check-chain
Eye.
71. Equalizing-bar.
72. Equalizing-bar Spring-
cap.
73. Equalizing-bar Spring-
seat.
74. Bolster Spring-scat.
75. Bolster Spring-cap.
76. Spring-block.
77.
Jaw-bit.
91.
Release-spring..
78.
Journal-spring.
92.
Brake-lever.
79.
Equalizing-bar Spring.
93.
Brake-lever Fulcrum
80.
Bolster-spring.
94.
Brake-lever Guide.
81.
Truck-frame Knee-
95.
Brake-lever Stop.
iron.
96.
Brake-lever Sheave.
82.
Brake-block.
97.
Bower Brake-rod.
83.
Brake-head.
93.
Brake-shoe.
84.
Brake-beam.
99.
Journal-box Cuidcs
85.
Brake Eye-bolt.
100.
Pedestal-horns.
86.
Brake-hanger.
101.
Pedestal-jaw.
87.
Brake-hanger Carrier.
102.
Sprin g-hanger.
88.
Brake Safety-chain.
103.
Spring-saddle.
89.
Brake Safety-chain
104.
King-bolt.
Eye-bolt.
105.
Journal-bearing.
90.
Brake Safety-strap.
106.
Journal-bearing lie'.
244
Freight-car Trucks.
For list of names of the parts designated by the numbers in the engraving, see page 242.
^rTn £
SO /
Fig. SS.
Woodex Feeiget-car Truck. New Yoke & Eakiem RiimoAD.
Side Viae.
Freight-car Trucks.
245
For list of names of the ^_. parts designated by the numbers in ,4* the engraving, see page 242
4 Fig. 89. Flan. 4
Wooden Freight-car Truce, New York & Harlem Railroad.
246
Freight-car Trucks.
For list of names of the parts designated by the numbers in the engraving, see page 242.
Fig. 90.
Wooden Freight-car Truce, New York & IIarlem Railroad.
End Vizio.
Freight-car Trucks.
247
For list of names of theparts designated by the numbers m the engravings, see page 242.
Fig. 92. Longitudinal Section.
"Wooden Freight-car Truck, Central Railroad of New Jersey.
248
Freight-car Trucks.
For list of navies of the parts designated by the numbers in Jhe engraving^ oec &age 242.
Wm
Bh
"ST5
Wooden Freight-Car Truck, Central Railroad cp New Jersey.
Freight-car Trucks.
249
For list of names of the parts designated by the numbers in the engraving, see page 243.
cm a, )-~^>
BFE T~~&\
End View. Fig. 94. Transverse Section,
"Wooden Freight-car. Truce. Central Railroad of New Jersey.
250
Freight-car Trucks.
For list of names of the parts designated by the numbers in the engravings, see page 242.
Fig. 96. Longitudinal Section.
T) T A Mn'CTVTRTT C K , CENTRAL riAILROAD OF NEW JERSEY.
Freight-car Trucks.
For list of names of the parts designated by the numbers in the engraving, see page 242.
251
P ' ° 14
J-34"
30
~W
ss
TO?
M
38
1 37
14 a
TO?
I*?-
-Kg. 97.
Diamond-truck, Central Railroad of New Jersey.
Half Plan.
252
Freight-car Trucks
For list of names of the parts designated by the numbers in the engravings see page -'42
Fig. 99.
Section through Bolster. Transverse Section
Diamond-truck, Central Railroad op .^ew Jersey.
Freight-car Trucks.
For list of names of the parts designated by the numbers in the engravings, see page 242
253
Fig. 101. longitudinal Section.
DiAJIOND-TRCCK, PENNSYLVANIA KAILHOAD.
254
Freight-car Triicks.
For list of names of the parts designated by tJie numbers in the engraving, see page 242.
Fig. 102.
Dluiond-truck, Pennsylvania Railroad.
Half Plan.
Freight-car Trticks.
255
For list of names of the parts designated by the numbers in the engravings, seepage 242.
3§ „ fil 486 _ , I I S3 „ f, „ 35.
Fig. 104. Transverse Section.
Diamond-truck, Pennsylvania Railroad.
256
FrcigJit-car Trucks.
For list of names of the parts designated by the numbers in the engravings, see page 242.
61
Fig. 106. Transverse Section.
ST
COXTLNTTOCS-FRASIE TRUCE, BOSTON" & ALBANY EAILF.OAD.
Freio-ht-car Trtccks.
257
For list of names of the £ 4 \^ parts designated ^ ^^
> |5 r- I
6i/ i7te jmnifcers
iw tae engraving, seepage 2A *.
;' 5
34
lb
CONTINtTOUS-FEAM^ TrCCK, BOSTON & ALBANY RAILROAD.
258
Freight-car Trucks.
For list of names of the parts designated by tlie numbers in tlie engravings, see ■cage 242.
■ill
4#=J Fig. 109. Half Plan.
4 Iron Freight-cab Truce, N. Y. Central E.E, 4
Freight-car Trucks.
o
2S9
For list ofnameo of the parts designated by the numbers in the engravings, seepage £42.
65
14^
~7m
rt^so
43
End View.
61
>47
Section through Axle,
47' W
\t<5
Transverse Section. Fig. 111. Section through Bolster.
Iron Freight-car Truck, New York Central IiAiLROAr.
260
Freight-car Trucks.
For list of names of the parts designated by the numbers in the engravings, see page 242.
Transverse Section.
Fig. 113.
Thielsen's Tjutck.
Ends View.
Freight-car Trucks.
261
I or list of names of the parts designated by the numbers in the engraving, see page 242.
49K47
(4 q_
Stg. 114.
Thiexsen's Tbccb.
Half Plan.
1
262
Passenger-car- Trucks.
For list of names of the parts designated by the numbers in the engraving^ see page 242.
Side View. Fig. 115. Longitudinal Section.
Passenger-car Truck, New York & Harlem Railroad.
For list of names of the parts designated by the numbers n the engraving, see page 242 .
5
CjEL
□ 10
n
□ 10
a
[[>3Dp!
90O
'l
61 I
59
84
i(j
85
90 [
00
]<--98
3==aL
50'
9T
50-
( a
JSL
□
-&-
2L,
eo
J
36
30
o.,o
D O
30
36 36
27
20
0
27
-47-
E
"'61
B — 53
:-50
□0
Q
■ 59
50
3
90
gag
17
Hip
a
a
10
aa
79
JVflf. 116. Plan. 4
Passenger-car Truck, New York & Harlem Kailrcad.
7
263
264
Passenger-car Trucks.
For list of names of the parts designated by the numbers in the engraving seepage 242.
Fig. 117.
Passexger-car Truck, New York & Harleu Railroad.
End View.
Passenger-car Trucks.
265
For list of names of the parts designated by the numbers in the engraving, see page 242 .
Side View. Fig. 118. Longitudinal Section.
Passenger-cab Truce, Central Railroad op New Jersey.
286
For list of names of the parts designated by f~ 3 ! I! $lhe numbers in the engraving, see page 241.
^ i
Passexger-car Truck,
SO
□ — "S^-
26
Plan. fc±3? °
Central Railroad of New Jersey.
Passenger-car Trzicks.
267
For list of navies of the parts designated by .
HI - 3° '°~
£Ae numbers in the engravings, seepage 24
S3 _^
3
Section through Bolster. Fig. 121. Transverse Section.
Passenger-car Truck, Central Railroad of New Jersey.
268
Passenger-car Trticks.
For list of names of the parts designated by the numbers in the engraving, tee page 242.
Fig. 122.
Passenger -cab Truck, Pennsylvania Railroad.
Side View,
Passenger-car Trucks.
269
For list of names oftheparts designated by the numbers in the engraving, seepage 242.
63
87-
Jiff. 123.
Passenger-car Truce, Pennsylvania Railroad.
Longitudinal Section.
270
For list of names of the parts designated by J p ' . U^ £ the numbers in the engraving, see page 242.
7A ^Bi^
Fig. 124.
Passexger-car Truck, £
Plan.
_^3 Pennsylvania Railroad.
Passenger-car Trucks.
271
For list of names of g J the parts designated by g5 tlie numbers in the g| engravings, see paje 242,
6 Section through Bolster. Fig. 126. TYnusuerse Secticm. "
Passenger-cab Truck, Pennsylvania Railroad.
272
Passenger -car Trucks
For list of names of the parts designated by the numbers in the engravir g, see page 242.
Fig. 127.
Allen Iron Passenger-car Truck, Chicago, Burlington & Quinct Railroad.
Side View.
Passenger-car Trucks.
273
For list of names of the parU desig lated bj the numbers in the engraving, see page 242.
Fig 128. Perspective View.
PASSENGITH-CAn TRUCK, PULLMAN'S PALACE CAR COMPANY.
274
For list of names of theparts designated by the numbers in the engraving, see page C42.
Fig. 129. Sk-ttheeled Passenger-car. Tsucs, Pullman's Palace Car Compaky. Perspective View.
Passenger-ca r Trucks.
275
ior list of names of the parts designated by the numbers in the engraving, see page 242.
Fig. 130.
Bolster for Six-wheeled Trttc:;
Perspective View.
276
Details of Car-trucks.
For list of names of the parts designated by the numbers in fig. 131, seepage 242.
Fig. 131. Side View.
Side-frame of Wooden Car-trucx.
Fig. 132. Side View.
Pedestal, with Half- elliptic Journal-spring.
1. Half-elliptic Spring-bearing.
2. Half-elliptic Spring.
3. Spring-band.
~T& 5T
Fig. 133. Side View.
Side-frame of Diamond-trock.
1. Arch-bar.
2. Inverted Arch-bar*
3. Pedestal Tie-bar.
Details of Car-trucks.
277
Fig. 134.
Framed Spring-plane.
Plan.
Fig. 136.
EOCXER SlDE-BEARINO.
Fig. 135.
Roller Side-bearing.
Side View.
Fig. 137.
Open Swing-hangir, or Swing Link-hanger.
278
WHEELS, AXLES, JOURNAL-BOXES, ETC,
List or Names of the Parts of Wheels, Axles, Journal-boxes, etc., which are Designated by the Letters and Numbers
in Figs. 138-153.
A. Centre, of Axle.
B. Neck, of Axle.
C. IVlieel-seat.
D. Dust-guard Bearing.
E. Journal.
P. Axle-collar.
3. Stop-plate.
7. Journal-bearing.
8. Journal-bearing Key.
9. Stop-key Journal-
bearing.
10. Journal-box.
11. Journal-box Cover.
12. Journal-box-cover
Hinge-pin.
13. Journal-box-cover
Spring.
14. Journal-packing.
15. Dust-guard and Dust-
guard Cliamber.
16. Dust-collar.
17. Equalizing-bar Seat.
18. Pedestal.
19. Pedestal-horns.
20. Pedestal-jaw.
21. .Hwo, o/ WfieeZ.
22. Wlieel-plate.
23. Rim, of Wheel.
24. Face, of Sim.
25. Tread o/ TFfteeZ, or
TP7ieeZ-<read.
26. lYlieel-flange.
27. Journal-bearing Stop-
key.
28. Oil-cellar.
29. iSYqp Journal-bearing.
Wheels, Axles, Journal-boxes, etc.
279
For list of names of the parts designated by the numbers in the engravings, see page 2?8 .
26
Fig. 138.
Section op* Wheel, Att^
Journal-box, etc.
280
Wheels, Axles, Journal-boxes, etc.
Fig. 142.
JOURNAL-BEABING KEY.
Fig. 140.
JOUItNAL-ECS.
Perspective View.
Fig. 141.
JoURNAL-BEAEDTG.
Wheels, Axles, Journal:boxcs, etc.
281
" The engraving herewith of the Standard Car and Tender Axle, recommended by the Master Car-Builders' and Master Mechanics1
associations, at their conventions, held in 1879, is hereby approved."
t™ „,,••<*„„ „f -WW.*™ f F. D. Adams, Boston & Albanv Railroad.
°T^R ?,*%.< /~?o i M. N. Forney, Railroad Gazette.
Lar-Builders Asso- i JomJ KlRBr Lake shorp & 31jeh Pmlth Rjr
Cia"0'1- [ S. A. Dayis, Boston, Lowell & Kashua RaUroad.
H. W. Cooper. Ind., Bloomington & West. Ry.
J. M. Boon, Pittsburgh. Fort Wayne & Chicago Ry.
W. S. Hunsoy, Rogers Locomotive Works.
M. N. Forney, Railroad Gazette.
Committee of Master
Mechanics'1 Association.
ft%,....X V/sV
Tlie engraving represents the dimensions of the axle when finished. Weigh t, finished, 347 lbs.
Fig. 143.
Master Car-Builders' Standard A"t.k.
282
Wheels, Axles, Joiirnal-boxes, etc.
For list of names of the parts designated by the letters and numbers in the engravings, see page 278.
|,,,l |l ? ;3 f \= |6 \> 18 |9 ,10 i
Fig. 145. Section.
Weight's Stop Journae-beartng,
fr'fii '' i2 i3 i* 'i5 $ r ie |iu!&4qi2"-.
Fig. 146. Section.
Section af XX i Section alMN
Fig. 147.
Bissel's Stop-key Journal-beariug.
27
.SYgr. 150. Pian.
JVff. 148. Side Fiew.
Bissel's Journal-bearing Stop-eey.
Fig. 149. .Bacfc End View.
Wheels, Axles, Jotimal-boxes, etc.
283
ior list of names of the parts designated by the numbers in the engravings, seepage 278.
Fig. 151. Section. Fig. 152. Back View.
•Tim's Journal-box.
Fig. 153. Section.
Top- reservoir. Journal-box.
284
Car-wheels.
Fig. 154.
Front View.
Fig. 136.
SINGLE-PLATE WHEKI*
Car-wheels.
285
Fig. 157. Fig. 158.
Section. Back View,
SrNSLE-PLATE WHEEL.
Fig. 159.
Section.
■ Combination" Plate-ii-beei..
386
Car-wheels.
Fig. 161. Fig. 162.
Section. Back View.
" M7ASHBURN',-T7nEEL.
Fig. 163. Fig.lGi.
Section. Back View.
DoUBLE-PLiTE WoEEL.
Car-wheels.
£87
Fig. 165.
Front View.
Spoke-wheel.
Fig. 166. Fig. 167.
Section. Front Vieiz.
Hollow-spoke Wheel.
288-
lar-whccls.
Fig. 16S. Fig- 163.
Front View. Section.
EXASTIC-V. LLiXL.
Jig. 170. -Fig. 171-
3ack View. Front View.
SINGLE-PLATE WHEEL 303. STREET-CARS.
Car-wheels.
Fig. 172. Fig. 173.
Back View. Front Viae.
Open" Plate-^7heel, for Street-cars.
290
Car-wheels.
I i
"'- ;
Fig. 174.
Section.
Fig. 175.
Front View
Sax & Kear Wheel.
Fig. 170-
Sectiore.
Paper-wheel.
2. Tire-boit.
3. Hub bolt.
5. 2Ve
6. Compressed-pcper.
Car-wheels.
291
Fig. 179.
Front Vieto.
Solid Steel-wheel.
Fig. ISO. Fig. 181.
Section. Front Tieic.
Steel-wheel with Tike a*d Retaiktno-?.i.vg
1. Retaining-ring.
2. Tire-bolt.
4. Wheel-centre.
5. JVre.
393
Car-wheels.
■Fig. 183.. Fig. 183.
Section. Front View.
Wro-sht-iron Wheel with Tire.
a. Tire-bolt.
4. ITlieel-centre.
5. Tire.
JVjjf. 184.
Hand-car Wheel.
Car-springs.
293
Fig. !S3.
Elllptic-sprtngk
Fig. 187.
Half Elliptic-spring,
Fig. 186.
Triplet of Elliptic-springs
Kg. 188.
Combination Elliptic-spring.
1. Spring-band.
2. Set of Sirring.
294
Car-springs.
s83H
Fig. 189.
Round-bar Spiral
Single-coil Spriss.
Fig. 190.
Round-bar Spiral
Double-coil Nest-sprixc
Fig. 131.
Round-bar Spiral.
Triple-coil Nest-spluns
Fiq. 192. ^9- -^* SectioTK
Half-round-bar SriKAi.
Double-coil NEST-srHINe.
Car-springs.
295
Fig. 1S4.
Square-bar Spiral
Single-coil Spuing.
Fig. 195. '
Sqcare-bar Spiral
Triple-coil Nest-spring
Fig. 196.
Keg-shaped Spiral-spring.
Fig. 197.
Spool-shaped Sptral-spring.
296
Car-springs.
Fig. 198.
Flat-bap. or Equal-bap.
Spiral Triple-coil NEST-spsise.
Fig. 199.
"Hibbard" or Flat-bar
Spiral Quadruple-coil Nest-sprlng.
Fig. 200.
Edge-rolled Spiral-spring
Car-springs.
297
Fig. 201.
" Dlnssiore "' SPIRAL-
SPRING.
Fig. 202.
SECT2DV OF "DnfSMOEE "
Spiral-spring.
Fjff. 203.
': Paragon " Fpiral-sprxng.
Fig. 204.
Section of Bar of
"Paragon" Spiral-spring.
Fig. 205.
Small Rubber-
centre Spiral-
spring.
Fig. 206.
Rubber-centre Spiral-spring.
3, Spring-seat.
4. Spring. cap.
296
Car-springs.
Fig. 207.
Compound Sptral-sprlng.
Fig. 20S.
"Tose" Graduated Spiral-
spring.
3. Spring-seat. 4. fiprii;g-cap.
Fig. 09.
Eight-group "Wool packet Spiral-sprungs.
Fig. 210.
Outside- view of Sprlng-case for Eight
group Wool-packed Spiral spring.
Car-sp7'ings.
£99
Fig. 211.
Two-grocp Spiral-spring.
3. Spring-seat.
4. Spring-cap.
Fig. 212.
Six-GROur Double-coil SpiRAL-srrjsa.
800
Car-springs-.
Fig. 21&
Toli'ts Spring.
Pig. S14.
iNDiA-rxnBCP. Spnro.
'
302
PASSENGER-CAR BODIES.
List of Names of the Parts of Passenger-car Bodies which are Designated et the Nujibers in Figs. 215-233.
1. Sill.
2. End-sill.
3. Intermediate Floor-
timbers.
4. Centre Floor-timbers.
5. Floor-timber Distance-
block.
6. Bridging.
7. Floor-timber Braces.
8. Sill Knee-iron.
9. SU2 Tie-rod.
10. Body-bolster.
11. Body-bolster Truss-
rod.
12. Body-bolster Truss-
rod Washer.
13. Body-bolster Truss-
block.
14. Body Side-bearings.
15. Body Centre-plate..
16. King-bolt.
17. King-bolt Plate.
18. Check-chain.
19. Body-check-chain Eye.
20. Body Ti'uss-rod.
21. Body Truss-rod Sad-
dle.
22. Body Queen-piost.
23. Turnbuckle.
24. Truss-rod Iron.
26. Cross-frame Tie-tim-
ber.
27. Main -floor, or Car-
floor.
28. Deafening-ceiling.
29. Draw-bar.
30. Drau--S2iring.
31. Draw-timbers.
32. Centre-draft Draw-
bar.
33. Draw-bar Sector.
34. Car-platform, Plat-
form-floor.
35. Platform-timbers.
36. Platform-timber
Clamps.
37. Platform-sills.
38. Platform End-tim-
ber.
39. Platform-post.
40. Base-icasher, for Ptaf-
form-j}Ost.
41.. Platform-rail.
42. Platform-railing
Cliain.
43. Platform-gate.
44. Pod;/ Hand-rail.
45. Platform-steps.
46. Tread-board.
47. Step-iron.
48. Step-hanger.
49. Splash-board.
51. Side Body-brace.
52. Side Body-brace-rod.
53. Brace Straining-rod.
54. SiZZ and PZafe Pod.
55. Body-counterbrace.
56. Body-counterbrace-
rod.
57. Brace-rod Washer.
58. "in'redoioposf.
59. TFmdoif-jjaneZ Jkj^
J-Mlflf.
60. S*ud.
61. Comer-post.
62. Door-post.
Passenger-car Bodies.
K13
63.
Truss-plank.
86'
Inside Window-stop
106.
Roof-apron.
125.
Seat-back.
64.
Truss-plank Cap.
or Window-casing.
107.
Platform-hood.
126.
Seat-division.
65.
Belt-rail.
87.
Window Cove-moulding
108.
Platform-hood Bow.
127.
Foot-rest.
66.
Panel-rail.
88.
Window-moulding.
109.
Platform-hood Post.
128.
Stove.
67.
Outside-panel.
89.
Inside Window-panel.
110.
Clear-story.
129.
Stove-pipe Jack.
63.
Outside Window-panel.
90.
Window-lintel.
111.
Clear-story Sill.
130.
Water-closet.
69.
Panel-strips.
91.
Letter-board.
112.
Clear-story Bottom-
131.
Water-closet Seat.
70.
End-panel.
92.
Eaves Fascia-board.
rail.
132.
Urinal.
71.
End Window-panel.
93.
Eaves-moulding.
113.
Clear-story End-sill.
133.
Water-cooler.
72.
Name-panel.
94.
Inside-cornice.
114.
Clear-story Sill-facing.
134.
Water-alcove.
73.
Name-panel Frame.
95.
Inside-cornice Fascia-
115.
Clear-story Post.
135.
Centre-lamp.
74.
Lower Wainscot-rail.
board.
116.
Clear-story End-panel,
136.
Lamp-jack.
75.
Upper Wainscot-rail.
96.
Inside-cornice Sub-
or Ventilator.
137.
Window.
76.
Wainscot-panel.
fascia-board.
117.
Clear-story Plate.
138.
Twin-window.
77.
Outside Window-sill.
97.
Inside-lining.
118.
Clear-story Carline.
139.
Small-windoio.
78.
Inside Window-sill.
98.
Plate.
119.
Clear-story Eaves-
140.
Window-blind.
79.
Windoiv-sill Cap.
99.
Door-lintel.
moulding.
141.
Frieze-vent ilator.
80.
Window-sill Moulding.
100.
Carline, or Compound-
120.
Clear-story Inside-
142.
End-ventilator.
81.
Belt-rail Cap.
carline.
cornice.
143.
Clear-story Side-ven-
82.
Upper Belt-rail.
101.
Rafter.
121.
Clear-story Soffit-
tilator.
83.
Sash Parting-strip.
102.
Roof-boards.
board.
144.
Clear-stoi-y Window.
84.
Outside Window- stop.
103.
Platform-roof.
122.
Car-seat.
145.
Basket-rack.
85.
Window-sash.
104.
Platform-roof Carline.
123.
Seat-end, or Aisle Seat
146.
Door-midlion.
86.
Window-blind Sash.
105.
Platform-roof End-
end.
147.
Bottom-rail, of Door.
carline.
124.
Seat-stand.
148.
Middle Door-rail.
304
Passenger-car Bodies.
14&
Top-rail, of Door.
153. Brake-shaft Step.
156.
Upper Brake-shaft
159.
Brake-pawl.
150.
Door-stile.
155. Lower Brake-shaft
Bearing.
160.
Brake-chain Worm.
151.
Door-panel.
Bearing.
157.
Brake-wheel.
161.
Flag-holder Plate.
152.
Brake-shaft.
158.
Brake Ratchet-wheel .
162.
Platform Tie-rod.
Outside View.
Outside View of Framing-
Longitudinal Section. Fig. 213. s
Bodies.
■■s of the parts designated by the numbers in the engraving, seepage 302.
-118 R
307
5SEKGSK-CAP. BODT, CeJTTRAL RAILROAD OF NEW JERSEY.
Longitudinal Section showing Framing.
Passenger ir Bodies,
Outside View.
Outside View of Framing
Longitudinal Section. Fig. 215. Passengsr-car Body, Central Railroad of New Jersey. Longitudinal Section shotting Framing.
Passengc.
For list of names of the parts designated i
Inverted Plan.
Passengck-cau Body, C
/' Bodies.
numbers in the engraving, see page 302.
311
an shoioing Floor Framing,
i.
Eailhoad of New Jersey.
Plan showing Floor, Seats, etc.
Passenger-air Bodies.
For list of names ofthegart, d^^^^nthe engraving, see page 3
E.8
Sll
Inverted Plan.
Ptan showing Floor Framing,
JVj. 210.
Passengzr-car Body. Cesrul Railroad op New Jersey.
Plan showing Floor, Seats, etc.
Passenger-car Bodies.
313
For list of names of the parts designated by the numbers in the engravings, seepage 302.
1 JgJlIM35 SlUajS^L 35!_l3fU46
— [
45 pi?-
"47
=45 tt
1-160
Fi'ff. 217.
.End View.
tuT^s
4a
il3S
^ — £1EL .n/
i 1 n a i-iq-CJ-^-jTr
2G I !£
^3 19^
n — I?
H„
0=3
UJ Passenger-car Body, Central Railroad of N. J,
Fig. 218.
Transverse Section.
tt
Passengei
For list of names of the parts designated by the numbers in the engraving, seepage 30
Side View.
Fig. 219. Passengee-c
Bodies.
317
18 i9 1 10 iTl ,12 1 13 1 14 1 (5 Ff .
Jody. Pennsylvania Railroad.
Longitudinal Section.
Fig. 219. Passenger-car Body, Pennsylvania Railroad.
Longitudinal Section.
Passengei
For list of names of the parts designated
Half Plan, showing Floor Framing.
Fig.
Passenger-car Body, ss
r Bodies.
391
he numbers in the engraving, see page 302.
ttsylvaKia Railroad.
Half Plan, showing Floor, Seats, etc.
Passenger-car Bodies.
For list of ™m™°™<*^^ 30a
321
Half Plan, showing Floor Framing.
Fig. S20.
PASSENGEHCAn BODY, PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD.
Half Plan, skouring Floor, Saats, etc.
Passenga
,,,„ For list of names of the parts ,„a designate
,;,II8 IOQ i, lis
UM^i iMiyaviTiji iivii n iivThoii^ivii ii!i i
im
"58 1 h"GO I
I2E
^n~~ini^Hi 11 fifiik»ii~!F^rT
6611
■JS. 'Id; ■;■" ' ji ■'.- a; "■■
WW10
.57
IT
26
Ms
Passenger-cak Body,
Side View, showing Framing.
r Bodies,
325
t the numbers in tha
engraving, seepage 302,
Longitudinal Section, showing Framing.
100
I
"T--JI 144-
Passengcr-i
For list of names of the parts
100 ' na tetognated
¥=*$
Bodies.
325
engraving, seepage 302.
._ ae numbers in the .||8 ■
ill8
(00
113
Side View, showing Framing,
Longitudinal Section, showing Framing.
Passenger-car Bodies.
327
WI7 102
J'or list of names of the 2'arts designated by the num
117 hers in the engravings, see page 302.
Passenger-car Body, Penh. Railroad.
328
Passenger-car Bodies.
For list of names of theparts . .^ designated by the numbers in the engraving, seepage 302.
■tfig. 224. End View, showing framing.
Passenger-car Eody, Ptxm. Railroad.
Passenger-car Bodies.
o
329
For list of names of the parts designated by the numbers in the engravings, see page 302
Passenger
For list of names of the parts designated
'g|, J,„ii! I' \2 9 \l I5 I6 1
Fig. 228. Passenger-cak, Meteoe t
Sid '
Bodies.
numbers in the engraving, see page 302.
B '9 HO ffl 112 f!3 iT4
Elevated Railkoad of New York.
Passen^,! BotH(S-
For list o/namesoftke^^^^^^e graving, seepage 302.
Fig. 828. Passenoek-oak, llEraoreuns Elevated Railroad of New Yoke.
m v
Passen
ylOZ
For list of names of the parts designptec 1/
ii02
Longitudinal Section.
.■'"i-l* * <> t f ? -\
.1
Passenger-car Body, Metropoi ■
:ar Bodies.
387
s numbers in the engraving, seepage 302.
ino
IHiB II LJ II lh'3
<S \ra ,rt gg_ J3 ^yfj-ZHi
EVATED RazJ.ROAD OF New YORK.
Side View, showing Framing.
w
Passennlar Bodies-
337
.For lot of names o, the parts d^^^min the engraving, see page 30..
i]02 * , 1(10 9fi_
- -n8 y U |
Longitudinal Section.
fis.sa.
f f" g |« [/j ig ,/jyg
PASSENQER-CAR BODI, METBOPOUIAHELKiiQ BYROAD OF NEW TORE.
Side View, showing Framing.
Passenger-car Bodies.
aa&
•r list of names of the parts designated b;j the numbers in the engraving, see page au— .
(102
'-94
Fig. 230.
Passenger-car Bonr, Metropolitan Elevated Railroad.
Transverse Section.
For list of names of the parts designated by the numbers in the engraving, see page 30C.
|3 _|4 15 |6R,
Fig, 231.
I:m:RTED Plan of Dratt-gear of Passenger-car. Metropolitan Elevated Railroad.
Passenger-car Bodies.
341
For list of names of the parts designated by the numbers in the engraving, see page 302«
... . i27
33 ^-r33
Fig. 232.
Draw-bar of Passenger-car, Metropolitan Elevated Railroad.
Longitudinal Section.
BOLSTERS, ETC.
List op Names of the Parts or Bolsters, etc. . which are designated by the letters and "numbers in Figs. 233-23S.
1'. Body-bolster.
1. Body-bolster Compres-
sion-bar.
2. Body-bolster Tension-
bar.
3. Body-bolster Thimble.
4. Body-bolster Truss-
block.
5. Body-bolster Truss-
rod Bearing.
6. Body-bolster Truss-
rod.
7. Body-bolster Truss-
rod Washer.
8. Body Centre-plate.
9. King-bolt.
10. King-bolt Plate.
11. Body Side-bearing.
12. Truck Side-bearing.
13. Truck-bolster.
14. Tmek Centre-plate.
15. Centre-plate Block.
3±2
Bolster s, etc.
For list of names of the parts designated by the numbers in the engravings, see page 341.
i 5 ,' 10
Fig. 233.
"Wooden Body-bolster.
Transverse Section of Floor-timbers, showing Bolsters.
U-=--9
Fig. 233.
Irox Body-bolster.
Transverse Section of Floor-timbers, showing Bolsters.
>//'/'.-.-.<-.- - -a»" i^/sxi:, ..-.-: .jjJs!g
1
ll ' M
EL
i3
Fig. 234.
"Woodex Body-bolster.
Side View.
I
|=hz
3U
13 '
Fig. 236.
Irox Body-bolster.
Side View.
Bolsters, etc.
343
For list of names of the parts designated by the numbers in the engravings, seepage 341.
■ '■ '
=fer|-,-^x//bJ^=<F77
Fig. 237.
Double Iron- Body-bolster.
Transverse Section of Floor, shoicing Bolsters.
10
gasssggggxI^gSSEsSSZIBS
13
fir
¥»
*j
/^pr-is
-*9
Fig. 239.
Compound Body-bolster.
Cross Section.
Fig. 238.
Double Iron Bodt-bolster.
Cross Section.
344
Bolsters, etc.
Fig. 240.
Inverted Plan op Snow's Body-bolster.
List of names of the parts ichicli are designated by the \
numbers in fig. 242 :
1. Body Queen-post. 3. Cross-frame Truss-rod.
2. Body Queen-post Stay. 4. Cross-frame Queen-post.
5. Cross-frame Tie-timber.
Fig. 24:0%.
..Snow's Body-bolster.
Side Viezu.:-
Fig. 241.
Sxow's Body-bolster.
End View.
Fig. 242. Cross frame Truss.
Passenger-car Steps.
345
PASSENGER-CAR
STEPS.
List of Names op tbO j."£8TS of Passenger-
cah Stepb, Platfork. etc.. Designated
BT THE NlTTBERS m 1Ttg. ^44 :
1. Brake-aiain Worm.
2. Nosing, 'iiairc,
3. Platform '^.'an-door.
4. Safety Oounling-chain.
5. Step-riser.
3. Tread-board.
7. Ptri..i-board.
8. Brake-shaft.
9. Brake Ratchet-wheel.
10. Brake-pawl.
Fig. 244.
Bos-steps, Platform, etc., of Passenger-car,
Perspective View.
346
Parts of Passenger-car Bodies.
I I
sr
^t:
IT
.Fiff. 245.
Side Fiew o/ Portion of the Side-frame of a Passenger-car. showing— 1, Compression-beam ; 2, Compression-beam Brace; 3, Counter-
brace ; 4, Sodj/ Brace-rod ; 5, Body Counter-brace Bod.
U lliil mil nut n;n mil uni nyi n^ imi ini imi ,1
Fig. 246.
Side Tie!!; o/ Portion of the Side-frajie of a PAS3ZN3iR-CAR, showing — I, Truss-arch ; 2, Body Counter-brace.
Fig. 247.
PROriLE-CARLTNE .
i<%>. 24S.
Section of Compound-carline.
Parts of Passenger-car Bodies.
347
Fig. 249.
Plain of Floor-framing, showing — 1, Diagonal Floor-timber.
348
Mail-catcher.
D
raw-gear.
DRAW-GEAR.
List of Names of the Parts of Draw-gear which are
Designated by the Numbers in Figs. 251-264 :
1. Draw-bar.
2. Draio-bar Face-plate.
3. Draw-bar Head.
4. Draw-bar Distance-
piece.
5. Draw-spring.
6. Auxiliary Buffer-
spring.
7. Draw-bar Bolt.
8. Draw-spring Stop.
9. Draw-bar Carry-iron.
10. Draw-timbers.
11. Draw-timber Guards.
12. Draw-timber Tie-bar.
13. Draw-bar Guides.
14. Draw-bar Follower-
plates.
15. Auxiliary Draic-bar
Folloiver-plates.
16. Draw-bar Jaw.
17. Draic-bar Stop.
18. Draw-timber Pocket.
19. Draw-rod.
20. Coupling-pin.
Fig. 250.
Mail-catcher.
Draw-gear,
349
Tig. 251.
Side View. V
For list of names of the parts designated by the numbers in the engravings, see page 34S.
16
H yy ls iHr« "EB
— ?
10 >-
jzih
Fig. 253.
Eni> View of Draw-bar Head.
.Figr. 25-i.
, Fig. 252. ion^iiucJiV.cj; .'jSc^oti. Diiatt-gear for Freiget-cars, Pennsylva:';a Railroad. Transverse Section.
35C
Draw-gear.
I or list of names of the parts designated by the numbers in the engravings, seepage 3i3.
Ik
0
9
0
3§; M l3
0
\
j 00 \«\
II \__
i
M"\
(o '
r%— -
i ji i:
7
l
— ^
W/'
1
\
3S i |
m
13 ! i
| ©SH")
. 1
FVfi
. 255
. Flan.
JVff. 256.
ZYfmsrerse Section.
Draw-gear fcr Freight-caxs Pennsylvania Railroad,
Draw-gear.
351
For list of names of the parts designated by the numbers in the engravings, seepage 34S,
Fig, 258. Draw-gear for Freight-cars, New Yors Central Railroad. Side View, with Draw-bar Removed.
352
Draw-gear.
For list of names of the parts designated by the numbers in the engravings, seepage 348.
Fig. 280. Side View, tcith Draw-bar 'Semored. Draw-gear foe Freight-cars. New York Central Railroad.
Draw-gear.
353
For list of names of the parts designated by the numbers in the engravings, see page 34S.
Fig. 262. Longitudinal Section, with Draw-bar Removed.
Draw-gsar, t7ith Potter Draw-ear, for Freight-cars, Chicago, Burlington & QurNcr Railroad
354
Draw-gear.
For list of names of the parts designated by the numbers in the engravings, see page 34S.
^g^
Transverse Section.
Dra-w-geat.. ttith Potter Draw-bar, for Freight-cars, Chicago, Burlington & Qctnct Railroad.
Draw-gear.
855
Fig. 263.
Draw-bar Side-castin'3.
Fig. 266.
Safford Draw-bar.
3. Draio-bar Head.
7. Draw-bar Bolt.
Fig. 267.
Bolt Draw-bar.
1. Coupling link Rivet.
2. Fast Coupling-link.
3. Fast Coupling-}).,..
4. Draw-bar Bolt.
5. Drawbar Face-plate
Fig. 268.
Spring-pocket Draw-bar.
1. Draw-bar Spring-p^ ^et.
2. Draw-bar Distance-p.:ce.
3. Draw-bar Face-plate.
Draw-peat1
Fig. 269. -Hree-llnk or Potter Draw-bar.
1. Coupling-link Eivet. 2. Fast Coupling-link.
Fig. 270. Solid-head Draw-bar.
1. Draw-bar Pocket. 2. Draw-bar Distance-piece.
3 Draic-bar Head.
Fig. 272.
COCPLTSG-LES-K.
1. Chain Coupling-links, or Triple
Coupling-link.
2. Draw-hook.
3. Dra w-hook Plate.
Fig. 273.
Crooked Cocplixg-lixk.
Fig. 274. Fig. 276. Section. Fig. 277.
Solid-head Eye-head or Flat Bext-head
couplixg-poi. coupldxg-flv. coupling-pin-
Draw-pear.
357
T
:
tt
r^
®
Xi t«
1-1. Dead-blocks.
Fig. 279.
2. Buffer-block.
358
Draw-gear.
o a o
i l "'
L-----4-i;"@r.:!j.jL..L.i_4i_L i I i i 1 I I EL I i. I
i i i
TTT-
IN
i i i i4Mi; -r^
4! P^O
c
;<^>'-j If i <s> le
^igr. 2S0. Inverted Plan.
-v4-*-*-
P^^BS^^Sp
J^ig. 281. Continuous Draw-ear. Longitudinal Section.
1. Drcw-fcccr. 2. Draw-spring. 3. Draiv-bar Carry-iron. 4. Draw-rod. 10. Z>rau;-Wm&er.
Miller-platform.
353
MILLER-PLATFORM.
List of Names of the Parts of the Miller-platform which are Designated et the Numeers in' Figs. 282-289 :
1. Brake-shaft Brace.
2. Buffer-bar.
3. Buffer-plate.
5. Buffer-spring.
6. Buffer-spring Cup.
7. Buffer-spring Washer.
8. Buffer-stem Washer.
9. Buffer-thimble.
11. Draic-bar Coupling-
hook.
12. Centre-sills.
13. .Stop, for Coupling-
hook.
14. Stop-brace.
15. Uncoupling-lever.
16. Uncoupling -chain.
17. Uncoupling-lever
Ratchet.
18. Uncoupling-lever
plate.
19. Uncoupling-lever
Wedge.
20. Wedge-chain.
21. Trunnion-plates.
22. Platform Truss-beam.
23. Platform Truss-rod.
24. Buffer-spring Beam.
25. Draw-bar Timber.
26. Platform-timbers.
27. Platform-sills.
28. Platform End-timber.
29. Suspender-beam.
30. Stirrup:block.
31. Draw-bar Carry-iron.
32. Inner Draw-bar Carry-
iron.
35. Buffer-head.
36. Buffer-shank.
37. Buffer-stem.
39. Coupling-pin Plate.
40. Coupling-pin Chafing-
plate.
41. Coupling-pin Chain.
42. Coupling-pin-chain
Eye.
44 Brake-shaft Thimble.
46. Inscription-pilate.
48. Draw-bar Chafing-
plate.
49. Coupling-spring.
50. Coupling-spring
Bracket.
51. Platform Tie-rods.
36C
Miller -pla tform.
For list of names of the parts designated by the numbers in the engravings, see page 353.
4 £-
Scale,
13
© 23
ftj|pEE3|Ii
isle.
J[C]fa
23^;
as a 4
\r^
Fig. 2S2. Inverted PZare.
iSFi
5 □
c
si
ra
n
E.^ fff a
"nTSrf- — - n—
-^=,tH
ttfl I
V
12)1?- a
_?j n
23
51
; □
D
MltXETt-PLATFORM .
Fig. 2S3. P?a>i.
Miller-platform.
361
For list of names of the parts designated by the numbers in the engravings, seepage 359.
K J
25
i
""''^ 3T
_F7<7. 2S4. Longitudinal Section.
35
36
38
37
F7<7. 387.
BrFFER-BAR.
Fiff. 2SS. Side Fjeto.
Fig. 285. •..' End Viev:.
; - . F/3. 286.
-: ffxcorpLisos-i-EVER.
MlLiERrFLATFORSl.
Fig. 289. P.'twi.
Dratv-bar Coupling-hook.
yanney Car-coupler.
-5C
Fig. 290. Longitudinal Section.
^U3-
Fig. 291. -End P7etc.
Jax:.'ey Car-cotpler.
Janney Cai'-couplcr.
363
^/ Fig. 292. Plan. Janney CiK-cotTLEit.
i
t
f
i
==5 !
i
I ..
334
yam ley Car-couplci
f
Fig. 293.
Plar. of Draw-hooks in their Position u-hen Coupled.
CLE
Fig. 295.
End View.
Fig. 294.
Flan of Draw-hooks in their Position 'jjh^n Uncoupled.
JiXXEY CAK-C0UPL2B.
Sleeping-cars.
365
For list of names of the -e »- parts designated by the numbers in ^aSr the engraving, see page 366.
Berths Lowered. ^Inlnfnti
* Berths liaised.
Fig. 296. Longitudinal Section of Sleeping-cai:, showing Two Sections
366
Sleeping-cars.
SLEEPING-CARS.
List of Names op the Parts op Sleeping-cars which kxs.
Designated et the Numbers in Figs. 296-298 :
1. Lower-berth.
2. Upper-berth.
3. Upper-berth, folded-up.
4. Berth-brace.
5. Berth-brace Eye.
6. Berth-chain.
Berth-chain Pulley.
Berth-spring.
Berth-spring Frame.
Berth-spring Rope.
Berth Safety-rope.
12' '. Berth-latch.
12. Berth-latch Handle.
Berth-curtain.
Berth-curtain Rod.
Berth-curtain-rod
Bracket.
13. Berth Head-board.
7.
8
9
10.
11
13,
14,
15
17. Head-board Bolt.
18. Hat-post.
19. Table-hook.
20. Table-hook' Plate.
21. Window-lift..
22. Windoi"-latch.
23. Window-curifxiri or
Windoio-shade.
24. Inside Window-nanel.
25. Ticket-holder.
26. Arm-rest.
27. Lamp-jack, ...
28. Window-curtain
Leather.
29. Seat
30. Right-hand Seat-end.
30'. Left-hand Seat-end,
Berths Lowered. Fig. 297. Berths Raised.
Transverse Section of Sleeping-cap,.
Sleeping-cars.
367
For list of names of the parts designated by the numbers ^_
in the engraving, see pc "'
Fid. 293. Perspective Tiet7 of Section op Sleeping-car.
36S
Car-windows.
CAR-WINDOWS.
List of jSahes of the
1. Truss-plank.
2. Lower Wainscot-rail.
3. Upper Wainscot-rail.
4. Wainscot-panel.
5. Inside Window-sill.
6. Window, or Window-
glass.
7. Window-casing, or In-
side Window-stop.
8. Window-moulding.
9. Window-moulding-
' joint Cover.
10. Window-moulding
Base.
11. Window-stile.
Paf.ts of Car-windows weigh
12. WMidoie-rcwZ.
13. Window-blind Stile.
14. Window-blind Bail.
15. TTHidozA'-W/KcZ .3/iuZ-
f'OH.
16. Sash Parting-strip.
17. Upper Window-blind,
and Window-Wind
Slat.
18. Lower Window-blind.
19. Window-blind Stop.
21. Window-lift.
22. Windoiv-latch.
23. Tr»icfou;-Zato7i Upper-
stop.
ARE DESIGNATED BY THE NUMBERS
24. TF7?idoiA--ta£c7i Lower- 32.
stop.
25. Upper Window-blind 33.
-Lift.
26. Loit-e)- Window-blind 34.
ip. 35.
27. Window-curtain. 36,
27'. TT7£jidoM:-c?trtai?i,, or 37.
TTri'iicZoH--s7!ade.
28. Lambrequin. 38,
29. TFi'jidoiy-cztrtot'ji
Holder. 39,
30. Tnnc7ow.'-«<rtoiH i?od. 40,
31. TT7)ido!f-cuj'towi-ro(i 41
Stanchion.
tn Figs. 299-301 s
Windoiv-curtain
Bings.
Windoiv-curtain Tas-
sel.
Window-cornice.
Inside Window-panel.
. Inside-cornice.
Inside-cornice Fascia-
board.
Inside-cornice Sub-
fascia-board.
Arm-rest.
>. Table-leg Hook.
. Table-leg-hook Plate.
Car-ziiindozus.
369-
For list of names of the parts designate! by the numbers in the engravings, seepage 3t!d
itg. 299. Pebspectivz View of Sleepikq-car Window.
nig. S00. Perspective View of Drawing-room-car. Window.
370
For list of names cf Hie parts designated by the numbers in the engraving, see page 3:8.
J? iff. 3C1. Perspective View of Passenger-car Whjdotts.
Wiiid'ow-furnish ings.
371
Fig. 302.
Double Window-sash
Sprdjg.
JY'S. 303.
SINGLE WlNDOW-SASH
Spring.
JYff. 306.
V ■Window-button-.
Fig. 304.
Spiral Window-sash
Spring.
Fig. 307.
I_ WlNDOW-BUTTON.
Fifl. 305.
Spring Window-
holder.
Fig. 310.
Window-latch
Bdshing .
Fig. 308.
Window- latch .
Fig. 309. Window-latch.
Bacfc View.
1. Window-latch Bolt.
2. Window- latch Spring.
3. Window-latch Trigger.
872
Window-furnishings.
Fig. 311.
■Window-latch
Stop.
Fig. 314.
wlvdow-latck
Plate.
Fig. 317.
WlNDOW-L:~T .
Fig. 319.
Window Ear-lift.
Fig. 312.
"Window-latch
Lower-stop.
. Fig. 313.
Wtkecw-latch Rack.
Fig. 315.
Window-latch
Plate.
Fig. 31S.
Flush Window-lift.
Fig. 320.
Window-blind Bolt.
Fig. 321.
SrKGLE WlNDOW-ELTND LlFT.
Fig. 322.
Single Window-blind
Lift.
Window-furnishings.
Fig. 323.
Lower Window-blind
Lift.
Fig. 324.
Upper "Window-blind
Lift.
ii
Fig. 326.
ClXAB-STOEr "WlXDOTr-SECTOR
A2TD Clamp.
1. Sector. 2. Clamp.
\
373
Fig. 325.
Double Window-blind Lift
Fig. 331.
Clear-story Window-latch Keeper.
Fig. 327.
Clear-story Window-pivot.
Fig. 329. Fig. 328.
Wlndow-pivot Window-pivot.
Plate .
Fig. 330.
Cleak-story Window-latch.
Window-furnishings.
Fig. 332.
Pull-king, or Clear-story Window-pull.
Fig. 335.
Window-curtain Rikg.
Fig. 334.
"Window-curtain Rod.
Windoic-curtain-rod Stanchion .
Fig. 336.
Window-curtain
Pullets.
Fig. 337.
WlNDOW-CURTAIN-
koller Bearings
Fig. 338.
Window-curtate
Braceet.
Fig. 339.
WlNDOW-CURTAIN-
cord Tightener.
JYff. 340.
WlNDOW-CURTATN
Holder.
J?Vflr: 341.
WlNDOW-MOULDING-
joint Cover.
J entilators.
Fig. 342.
Vesctlator-hixg.
Fig. 346.
Frieze- ventilator
Register.
1 . Register-handle.
2. Register-frame.
3. Register valve.
4. Register-face.
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Ji'ff. 343.
Frieze-ventilator Plate.
-Fiff. 344.
-Fz'S. 347.
Textilator-Hood.
1. Ventilator-deflector.
5. Ventilator- hood.
Fig. 345 .
ENTILATCR-rOOU.
1. Ventilaior-defiector.
2. Ventilator hood.
375
I e
Jlsgr. 348LJ.
376
Sleep
ing-ca r Fi: rn ish mes.
Fig. SSI-
Fast Berth-hixge.
Fig. 353.
Loose Berth-
HISGE BuSBTNG.
i Fig 335.
TJpper-berth-rest Piyct.
^C3 0> GD \
Fig. 334.
UPPER-SEETH T.EST
Fig. 35G.
Uppzr.-BERTE Bracket.
Fig. 357.
Berth-latch Handle.
1. Berth-latck Face-plate.
B
W |
Fig. 361. Bketh-epedtg.
1. Berth-spring Frame.
2. Berth-spring Fusee.
3. Berth-spring Rope.
Sleep: ng-ca r Fit rn is kings.
r ■ EL
-Fig. 358.
Berth-latch Bolt.
Fig. 362. ,.
Berth-spring.
iJacJ; View.
§K
■P
-FVff. 359.
Bekth-latch Keeper.
Va
Fig. 3G3.
Berth Safety-rope
Fastener.
877
Jiff. 360.
Berth-nitiber.
Fig. 364.
Berth Safety-rcpe
Holder.
378
3
J*1
Fig. 365. i^7. 366.
Head-board- Head-board-
coupling Hasp. coupling
Keeper.
GS
Fig. 367.
Head-board
Bolt.
Fig. 372.
Berth-cttrtais-eod 7rp.
"•leeping-ca r Fit mi ish ings.
Fig. 368.
Head-board Bushings.
Fig. 369.
Eeae-jCard 3c lt.
Fig. 371.
Bekth-ctrtadj-rod Bracket.
1. Berth-curtain-rod Coupling.
2. Bat-nost.
Fig. 373.
3srth-curtai>"-rod Busptnb,
or Socket.
Sleep
ing-car Furnishings.
379
Fig. 375.
3ITRR0R AXD JIlKROR-SiSE.
Fig. 374.
Berth-cchtats Hook.
Fig. 376.
Mirror-sash Holder.
Fig. 378.
Towel-rod.
Fig. 379.
Towel-rod.
Fig. 377.
Ticket-holder.
380
Sleeping-car Fztrnishings.
ISSi
' Fig. 3S0.
TOWEL-ROLLER AND BRACKET.
1 Towel-roller. 2. Towel-roller Bracket.
Fig. 3SC,
BASK-FLra and Fixtures.
1, Basin-coupling.
2, Basin-coupling.
3 Basin-chain Holder.
4. Basin-chain.
5. Basin-plug.
Fig. 382.
Vertical-telegraph, or
Lever- faucet or Cock.
«SSt\
JVfc. 381.
T7ASH-R005I PuMF.
■FV'S. 385.
Brush and Comb Hack.
Sleeping-ca r Fit rn ish ing
381
Fig. 3S6.
SOAP-BOLDEH,
Fig. 388.
Spittoon.
Fig. 390. Fig. 391.
Chair or Sofa-caste
Socket Caster.
Fig. 393.
Revolving-chair Stand.
1. Revolving-chair-stand Base.
2. Revolving-chair- stand Socket
382
Sleep
ing-car Furnishings.
Fig. 395,
Table-eook Plate.
Fig. 396.
Seat-leg Plate.
Fig. 398.
DOOR-SEEAVES AK£ HOLDERS.
Door-sheave Solder. 2. Door-sheave.
Fig. 393.
3. Vccr-track,
Car-scats.
£83
CAR-SEATS.
List of Names of the Parts of
Cae-seats which are designated
by the >~umbers in flgs. 400 antj
401 :
1. Seat-rail.
2. Seat-end, Aisle Seat-end, or
Short Seat-end.
3. Seat-end, Long Seat-erid, or
Iron Seat-end.
4. Wall Seat-end.
5. Seat-arm.
6. Seat -stand.
7. Foot-rest.
8. Movable Foot-rest.
9. Foot-rest Carrier.
10. Heater-pipe Casing, or Side
Foot-rest.
11. Seat-back.
12. Seat-back Band.
13. Seat-back Arm.
14. Seat-back Stop.
15. Seat-lock
16. Arm-cap.
17. Cushion-frame.
18. Seat-spring.
Fig. 400. Cap.-seat, tttth Wooden E.vds. Perspective View.
884
Car-scats.
J? or list of names of the parts designated by the numbers in the engraving, seepage 3S*.
r-B.
Fig. 401. Car-seat, with Iron Ends. Perspective View.
Car-seats.
383
For list of names of the parts designated by the numbers in the engravings, see-page 3S3 .
Fig. 402. Perforated-veneer Car-seat
Fig. 403. Rattan Car-seat.
v .12
'■EVOLVING-CHAIR.
Fig. 405. Section of Car-seat and Back.
386
Car-seats.
Right-hand Corner-seat.
Fig. 408.
Eight-hand Seat end.
Fig 407.
Left-hand Corner-seat
Fig. 410.
Abm-cap.
Fig. 409.
Lest-hand Seat-enc
Car-seats.
387
Fig. 411.
Elliptic Seat-spring.
Fig. 412.
Spiral Seat-spring.
Fig. 413.
Spiral-elliptic Seat-spriug.
Fig. 414.
Cushion-frame and Seat-springs.
388
Car -scats.
Fig. 415.
Seat-back Arm.
1. Seat-back-arm Washer.
Fig. 419.
Seat-back Stop.
1. Seat-lock Bolt.
2. Seat-lock Key
Fig. 416.
Seat-back Arm-pivot.
Fig. 420.
Seat-back Curved-stc?,
Fig. 417.
Seat-back-arm Plate.
Fig. 421.
Seat-back Kound-stop
Fig. 418.
Seat-back-arm Pivot-plate.
Fig. 422.
Barrel Seat-lock.
1. Seat-lock Bolt.
2. Seal-lock Sjyring.
Fig. 423.
Seat-lock Escutcheon.
1. Water-cooler.
2. Tetegraph-coclc.
3. Water-cooler Stand, or
Wash-stand sink.
4. Wash-boicl Pipe.
5. Basin.
Passeng?r-car Fiirnishings.
Fig. 425.
Cdp or Tl-hbler Holdse.
Fig. 424. Water-cooler and Basim.
Fig. 426.
■Water-alcove.
1. Water-alcove Front.
2. Water-alcove Pan or Bottom.
3. Alcove-faucet .
4. Water-drip Pipe.
5. Alcove Cup-holder.
Fig. 427.
Self-closin& Faucet.
Fig. 428.
Horizontal Telegraph Cock or Faucet,-
Wig, 429. Bibb-coce,
390
Passenger-car Fu rn ish ings.
Fig. 430.
Basket-rack.
1. Basket-rack Bracket.
2. Basket-rack Netting.
3. Basket-rack Rod.
■±. Basket-rack Tip-
Fig. 431.
Drawer-pull.
Mmmm
-:-, y-/<^#
Jigr. 432.
Match-striker.
JY3. 437.
Water-closet Ventilating jack.
Mff. 438.
CORXER-URTNAL.
Fi'jr- 433.
Match-striker Fraue.
Fiq. 435.
Drop-letter-box Plate.
c«&r~w^
Fig 430. Fig. 440.
SlDE-TTRINAL. SoIL-HOPPEa.
i?. Urinal-pipe.
Passeno-er-ca r Fa m is kings*
391
<$d
flSfHSSMKiHi
^
JY</. 441.
^Vater-closet Door-plate.
*%
W
JV7. 445.
Hat-hooe.
.FVff. 448.
Head-lining; Nails.
(Full sizz.~)
Fig. 442.
Side Urinal-
handle.
.Fig. 449.
FEATHER-DrSTER .
ll:;^M;::l'-S:H;,:|,:l;!.;i| »;j ~
!|l'|»"VJ' "'Ipiji
.JVflr. 443.
Corner Urinal-handle.
Fig. 446.
Coat and Hat Hooz.
jig. 447.
Hat-post and Hooe.
392
Bell-cord Fixtures.
List of Names of Parts of Bell-cord Fixtures "which
are Designated by the Numbers in Figs. 450-465.
1. Bell-cord Pulley.
'■}. Bell-cord Strap.
3. Bell-cord Straphanger Bracket.
4. Bell-cord Guide.
Fig. 450
Bell-cord Fixed-hanger.
Fig. 454. Fig. 455. xig. 456.
Bell-cord Bell-cord Bush- Bell-cord
Bushing. ing, with Pulley. Beveled -bushing.
Fig. 451.
Bell-cord Strap-hanger .
Fig. 457.
Bell-cord Guide, with
Flange .
Fig. 452.
Bell-cord Strap-hanger.
Fig. 45S.
Bell-cord Guide, with
Flange and Pulley.
Fig. 453.
3ell-cord DouBiiE
Strap-hanger.
Fig. 459.
Bell-cord Guide,
with Flange
and Side-pulley.
393
Fig. 460.
Bell-cord Guide,
with Tico Pulleys.
Bell-cord Fixtures.
Mor list of names of the parts designated by the numbers in the engravings, seepage 392
Fijf. 461.
Bell-cord Guide,
with Four Pulleys.
Fig. 462.
Bell-cord Guide,
with Screw.
Fig. 463.
Bell-cord Guide,
with Screw and Pulley.
Fig. 464.
Bell-cord Guide,
with Side-pulley and
Screw-top.
Fig. 466.
Bell -cord-guide Washer.
Fig. 465.
Bell-cord Guide,
with Centre-pulley.
Fig. 467.
Bell-cord Coupling .
Fig. 468.
Bell-cord Splice.
Fig. 469.
Bell-cord Esd-hook.
394
'.amps
LAMPS.
List of Names
OF
the Paets of Lamps, etc., which
1.
Lamp-stay.
8. Lamp-burner.
2.
Lamp-shade.
9-9. Drop of Lamp.
3.
Lamp-globe Chimney.
10. Lamp-chimney.
4.
Lamp-arms.
11. Lamp-chimney Holder.
5.
Lamp-ring,
12. Lamp>-chim?iey Bracket.
6.
Lamp-reserve'
13. Smoke-bell.
7.
Globe-holder.
1. Lamp-reflector.
are Designated by the Numbers in Figs. 470-496.
15. Lamp-chimney Reflector. 22. Candle-holder Cup.
16. Side-lamp> Holder. 23. Candle-rods.
17. Side-lamp Bracket. 24. Candle-spring.
18. Side-lamp Braces. 25. Alcove-lamp Reflector.
20. Lamp-bottom. 26. Bull's-eye.
21. Candle-holder Cap. 27. Alcove-lamp.
Lamps.
~a-. list of names of the parts designated by the numbers in the engravings, seepage 39-1.
395
398
Lamps.
For list of names of the parts designated by the numbers in the engravings, see page 394.
Fig. 473.
(See fig. 475.)
Fig. 475.
SIDE-LA3IP,
With Adjustable or Loose Globe.
Lamps.
397
For list of names of the parts designated by the numbers in the engravings, see page 394.
Fig. 476. Side-lamp, with Braces.
Fig. 477.
Side-lamp Holder and Bracket.
Fig. 478. Dual-burner.
KM»»oea
Fig. 481.
Screw-burner.
Fig. 4S2.
Spring-burner.
398
Lamps.
For list of names of the parts designated by the numbers in the engravings, see page .394.
Fig. 483.
LAMP-BOTTOM FOR ItllNERAL-OIL.
Fig. 485.
Lamp-bottcm for Candles.
Fig 484.
Lamp-bottom for Lard-oil.
121
23
3
P
-24-
23
W22
Fig. 486.
Casdle-holdzr.
Fig. 487.
Lamp-globe.
Fig. 4S9.
Egg-shaped Lamp-globe.
.Fig. 488.
Melon-shaped Lamp-globe.
Fig. 490.
Pear-shaped Lamp-gloes.
Lamps.
For list ofnarr.es of the parts designated by the numbers in the engravings, seepage 394.
399
7s
J
Fig. 491.
DorBLE-COKE-SHAPED
L,ASIP-GLOBE.
Fig. 102.
I^imp-alcove a;;d Lajip,
Fig. 493.
JIail-car Lau^>.
Fig. 494.
POST-OITICE-CAK T/AMF.
40C
'.amps.
For list of names of the parts designated by the numbers in the engravings, seepage 394.
Fig. 493.
Train-signal, Tail, ok Bull's-eye Lamp.
Fig. 496.
Double-lens, Tail, Bull's-eye, or Signal Lajip.
Fig. 497. Fig. 498.
Front View. Section.
FSE3NEL-LENS . _
Lamps
Fig. 499.
FbESXEE SlGKAL-LANTEEW.
Fig. 600.
Railroad-lantern.
Fig. 501.
Conductor's-lantern.
402
Doors and Door- furnishings.
DOORS AND DOOR-FUR
NISHINGS.
L:st of Names op the Parts of Doors, .etc., which are
Designated by the Numbers ej Fig. 502 :
1. Door-post or Jamb.
2. Door-midlion.
3. Door Name-plate.
4. Top Door-rail.
5. Bottom Door-rail.
6. Middle or Lock Door-
rail.
7. Parting Door-rail.
8. Door-stile.
10. Lower or Twin Dcor-
panels.
11. Middle Door-panel.
12. Upper Door-sash.
13. Lower Door-sash.
14. Door-sash Bolt.
1 5. Door-sash Plate.
18. Door-hinge.
17. Door-knob.
18. Door-lintel.
19. Door-lock.
20. Door-iock Keeper.
Fig. 502.
Passexger-car Door.
Door -fit rn ish ings.
403
Fig. 503.
Notice-plate.
Fig. 504.
Door-sash Plate.
Fig. 507.
Door-holder.
Fig 505.
Door-sash Bolt.
Fig. SOS.
Door-holder Catch.
Fig. 509.
Fast-joist Bctt-
HINGE.
©
Q
o
n *
0
®
Fig. 510.
Loose-jolvt Butt-
i%7. 511.
Loose-pin Bctt-
hinge.
Fig. 512.
Strap-hisge
Fig. 513.
T-HIXGE.
404
Door-furnishings.
Fig. 514.
Square Door-Bolt,
^c)
Fig. 515.
SQUARE-NECK-DOOR-BOLT.
Fig. 516.
Barrel Door-bolt.
1. Door-bolt Keeper.
, - Fig 517.-
Flush Door-bolt.
Mp. 51S.
Door-button.
Fig. 519.
Door-button and Plate.-
Fig. 520.
Door-full.
Locks.
405
LOCKS.
List of Names of the Parts of Locks which are Designated ey the Numbers in Figs. 523-531.
1. Door-latch Bolt. 4. Door-latch Rose.
2. Door-latch Hook. 5. Door-lenob.
3. Door-laich-hook Keeper. 6. Sliding- door Handle.
Fig. 522. .
Car-door Locs .
Fig. 523.
Rim-lock orDead-lock.
7. Door-lock Bolt.
8. Door-lock Keeper.
Fig. 524.
Rasbeted-lock.
9. Door-latch Keeper,
10. Door-latch Spindle,
Fig. 525.
Mortise-lock.
if ■
c
9
c S
.FYsr. 526.
Water-closet Latch.
*v
- .Fij. 527.. ;
Spring Door-latch, or Night-
latch.
Fig. 528.
Baggace-car Door-lock.
Fig. 529.
Sliding-door Lock.
406
Locks.
For list of names of the parts designated by the numbers in the engravings, seepage 405.
Fig. 530.
Slicisg-dook Latch.
Fig. 531-
Door-splndle axo Knobs.
Fig. 532.
Flush Door-handle.
{Same as fig. 357.)
Fig. 533.
Door-latch Rose and
Escutcheon.
Fig. 534. Fig. 535.
Escutcheons.
Fig. 537.
Cupboard-catch, or Flush-bolt.
Fig. 538.
Cupboard-latch.
Locks.
40?
FiT). 540.
Lead-seal and Seal-whib.
Fig. 539.
Lead-seal.
408
Stoves.
mn^ismgmmmi*
Fig. 543.
Egg-shaped Stove.
F:g. 544.
Cylindrical-stove.
Fig. 545.
HOWARD-STOVE.
Stoves.
403
Fig. 546.
Chtlson Car-stove.
Fig. 547.
Wes-slow Car-stove.
Fig. 54S.
Winslow Car-stove.
Inside.
410
SPEAR-HEATERS.
List op Nasies of the Parts op Spear-heaters tthich are Designated by the Numbers in Figs. 550-554:
1. Hood.
3. Smoke-pipe Casing.
Cold- air Pipe. 9. Perforated Smoke-pipe
Hot -air Pipe. Casing.
Smoke-pipe.. 10. Outside Top-plate.
Smoke-pipe Cap or Jack. 11. Inside Top-plate.
Deck-collar. 12. Fire-pot
Screen, for Hood. 13. Ash-pit Base.
14. Bottom Stove-plate.
15. Inside-ring.
16. Casing.
17. Fire-door.
18'. Grate.
18. Fire-door Frame.
19. Grate-ring.
20. Grate-bar.
21. Base-plate.
22. Top-ring, of Baseplate*
23. Ashpit Front.
24. Ash-nit Door. ■
Spear-heaiers.
411
s-r list of names o/ Vie para designates by the numbers j» the engravings see page 41R.
Fig. 550. Speak Car-heat-?..
(.Pattern A.)
Fig. 551. Speak Car-heater.
(Pattern B.)
Fig. 55!?. S^ear Cab-heater.
(Pattern C.)
Fig. 553. Spear Car-heatse.
(Fattem D.)
4is
Spear-heaters.
li'l PI
J
3
& 13
Fcr list of names of the parts designated fcy £7te ?iwm&ers ?'n #/ie engravings, seepage 410,
J?i£0. 555.
Outside Top-plate, /or Stoves A and B.
Fig, 554. SpEAa Awr» •■L.^s^r. CA^-eeatzr.
JY£. 556.
Outside Top-plate, for Stove C.
Fig. 557.
Outside- Top-plate, for Stove D.
fSBS
ISP
JV'g. 559.
Valve, for Top-plate, for Stove G.
Fig. 560.
Inside-ring, for Stoves A, B, O and D.
Fig. 561.
Inside Top-plate, for Stoves A, B, O and I).
Fig. 563.
Pop-ring, for Base-plate for Stoves O and Z>a
Fig. 5r.8.
Base-plate, wite Top-ring, for Stoves C and D.
Fig. 563.
FIRE-DOOR -iNLI DOOR-^HAHE,
for Stoves A, Bt G and D.
Fig. 564. Fire-pot, for Stoves
A, B, C and D.
Fig. 555. Ash-pit Front, for
Stoves A, B, C and D.
Fig. 533. Fire-
door Frame,
Fig. 567. Fire-
door,
Spear-hcaters.
Ash-pit Base, for Stoves A, B,
C and D.
Lv :?
Fig. 569.
Base-plate Screen, for Stove
C and D.'
Fig. 570.
Grate, for Stoves A, B, C and D.
for Stoves A, B, C and D.
Fig. 571.
Grate-ear, for Stoves A, B, C
and T>.
S-t
Fig. 572. Bottom Stove-plate
for Stoves A, B, C and D.
Fig. 573. Base-plate, with Top-
ring, for Stove A.
Fig. 574. Base-plate, with Top-
ring, for Stove B.
Fig. 575. Fire-proof Bottom,
for Stoves A, B, C and V.
413
Fig. 577.
Grate-ring.
Fig. 578.
Poke-hole Funnel.
Fig. 579.
Double Fire-door.
414
Baker Car-hcatcr.
BAKER CAR-HEATER.
List of Names of the Parts of the Baker Car-heater, which are Designated by the Numbers in Pig. 58"
1.
Bottom-plate.
6.
Outside-casing.
2.
Ash-pit.
8.
Cast-iron Top.
3.
Grate.
9.
Safety-grate.
4.
Fire-pot.
11.
Heat guard.
o.
Inside-easing.
12.
Smoke-top.
13. Feed-door.
16. Eocking-bar, for Grate.
18. Ring, for Smoke-top.
20. Coil.
23. Circulating-drum.
25. Combination-cock.
26. Safety-valve.
28. Filling-funnel.
30. Pressure-gauge.
Baker Car-heater.
415
Fig. 580. Baker Car-heater. Perspective View.
416
Bauer Car-heater.
For list of names of the varis designated by the numbers in the engraving, seepage 414.
Ies^
Fig. 582.
Bottosi Stove-plate.
Fig. 533.
Ash-pit.
Fig. 586.
Inside casing.
Fig. 587.
Outside-casing.
Fig. 588.
Ash-pit Door.
Fig. 589.
Cast-iron Top.
Baker Car-heater.
Fig. 590.
Safety-grate.
Fig. 591.
Safety-grate Spring.
Fig. 592.
Heat guard.
417
V
Fig. 598.
Ash-pit-door Handle.
Fig. 594.
Feed-door.
Fig. 595.
Feed-door Handle.
Fig. 596.
Safety-grate Latch.
Fig. 599.
Ring for Smoke-top.
Fig. 597.
Roceing-bar for Grate.
418
Baker Car-heater.
Fig. 602.
CiRCULATIKG-DRUH.
Fig. 604.
CO JIBC'ATION-COCK .
Fig. 605.
Safety-valve.
Fig. 609.
Fig. 607. ITiliing-fuksel. Pressure-gauge-
Fig, 606.
Safety-valve Ball
_F7£7. 611. Radiator-stand-
Fig. 612.
Pipe-support.
Fig. 613.
Radiator-stand.
Fig. 614.
Hadiator-stand.
Mg. 615.
1>0I7BLE PlPE-STRAP AND BaCTI.
Baker Car-heater.
Fig. 616.
Single Pipe-strap
Fig. 617.
Close Return-bend.
Fig. SIS.
Open Return-rsnd .
JV0. 619.
Draw-off Cocs.
.F&. 031.
Repucing-tee.
Fig. QZ2.
KlPPLE.
Fig. 6:3.
PrPE-COUPLING .
419
Fig. 624.
Bushing for Pipes.
Fig. 625.
Plug.
Fig. 626.
Tee or T.
Fig. 627.
Reducing Pipe-coupling.
Fig. 628.
TJnion-joint.
420
Brakes.
For list of names of the parts designated by the numbers in the engraving, see page 4Ci.
Fzc. 329. Trussed Brake-beam. End Viea.
Brakes.
m.
BRAKES.
List of Names of the Parts of Brakes which are Desig-
nated by the Numbers rx Figs. 629-631.
1. Brake-block.
2. Brake-shoe.
3. Brake-shoe Key.
4. Trussed Brake-beam.
5. Brake-beam Truss-rod.
6. Brake-beam King-post.
7. Brake-hanger.
8. Brake-hanger Carrier.
9. Brake Safety-chain or
Link.
10. Brake Safety-chain Eye-
bolt.
11. Brake-lever.
12. Brake-lever Fulcrum.
13. Brake-lever Stop.
14. Brake-hanger Bearing.
15. Parallel Brake-hanger.
16. Parallel Brake-hanger
Carrier.
17. Parallel Brake-hanger
Eye.
Fig. 6S0.
Trussed Brase-beah.
Side View.
422
Brak
es.
For list of names of the parts designated by the numbers in the engraving, see page 421.
3S
Fig. 631.
Trussed Brake-beam.
Flan.
Fig. 632. Rmirr-CTin
Brakes.
For list of names of the parts designated by the numbers in fig. 63.5, seepage 4*X.
423
Fig. 633. Braee-block Shoe and Est.
Fig. 634. Congdon Brake-shoe.
Fig. S36. (1) Erahe Ratchet-wheel. (2) Brake- pawii
Fig. 635. Brake-wheel
424
Brakes.
BRAKES.
List of Names of the Farts of Brakes which are Designated by the Numbers in Figs. 637-645,
1. Brake-beam.
2. Brake-lever.
3. Brake-shaft Chain.
4. Brake-shaft Connecting-
rod.
5. Lower Brake-rod.
6. Secondary Brake-rod.
7. Floating-lever.
8. Floating Connection-
rod.
I 9. Centre Brake-lever.
10. Centre Brake-lever
Chain.
11. Centre Brake-lever
Sheaves.
12. Long Brake-rod.
Fig. 637. Single-lever Brake. Side View.
Fig. 638. Double-lever Brake Side View.
Brakes.
425
For list of names of the parts designated by the numbers in the engravings, seepage 424.
i o JC1'
T=f
^U*.;^-
Fig. 639. Compression-rod Brake.
Side View.
\j£.
^— {—^p-I
HI
[0- f i CJJ
Fifir. 640. Brake for Drop-bottom Cab,.
Plan.
426
Brakes.
For list of names of the parts designated by the numbers in the engravings, see page 424.
Fig. 641. Tyler-brake for Street-cars.
Plan.
il
r-jj-A
j t
S
i^i'g. 642. Hodge-brake.
Pfan.
Brakes.
' For list of names of the parts designated by the numbers in the engravings, see wage 424.
31
437
Fig. 644. Tanner-brake. Plan.
428
Brakes.
For list of names of the parts designated by the numbers in the engraving, seepage 424.
Fig. 645. 'Elder-brake.
Plan.
CREAMER-BRAKE.
List op Names op the Parts of the Creamer-brakf which are Designated by the Numbers in Figs. 646-648.
1. Drum.
2. Cross-bar.
3. Post-bracket.
4. Top-arm.
5. Jointed Top-paid.
8 Jointed Side-pawl.
7. Tripping-lever.
8. Connecting-rod.
9. Roof-lever.
10. Side-pawl.
11. Collar.
12. Drum-cover.
13. Stud, for Jointed Side- 17. Brake-wheel.
pawl. 18. Upper Brake-sliaft Bear-
14. Standard, for Cross-bar. ing.
15. Bottom-ratchet of Drum. 19. Cuard-pipe.
16. Pipe-stay. . • 20. Chain-pulley.
Creamer-brake.
For list of names of the narts designated by the numbers in the
engravings, see page 42s.
Fig. G46.
Creamer-braee. End View.
Fig. 648. Side View.
Roof-lever, for Creamer-bkaee.
Smith Vac,
m-brake.
Sm ith Vacu inn-bra ke.
Vacuum-brake.
435
Fig. 651. Outside View. Ejector. Fig. C52. Section.
Eamcs Vc
Fig. 634.
Eames VAcr
7im-brake.
Eamcs Vacuum-brake,
442
Westinghouse-brake.
WESTINGHOUSE-BRAKE.
IflST of Names of the Parts of the Westinghouse-brake Attached to the Locomotive and Tender and Designated bv
1. Main Air-reservoir.
2. Brake-cylinder, for
Tender-brake.
3. 4. Engine and Air-
pump.
3. Steam-cylinder.
4. Air-cylinder.
the Numbers in Figs. 655-657.
5. Air-strainer.
6. Steam-pipe.
7. Exhaust-pipe.
8. Supply-pipe.
9. Discharge-pipe.
10. Tliree-icay Cock.
11. Tender Brake-hose.
12. Driving-wheel Brake-
cylinder.
13. Throttle-valve.
14. Brake-pipe.
15. Stop-cock.
16. Triple-valve.
17. Triple-valve Branch-
pipe.
18. Auxiliary-reservoir.
19. Brake-cylinder Pipe.
20. Air-gauge.
21. Brake-block Tie-rod
brake.
numbers in the engraving, seepage 442.
7
445
^Jinghouse. I brake.
For list of names of the parts designate h% WT^s in the engraving, seepage 443.
uj n g e i^'r r*r r r r rJL"-JMMULjUM
r
Kj. 655. Side View of Locomotive, with Westinghouse-braee Attached.
445
Westing
o
For list of names of the parts designated by
nrao
Fig. 656.
Inverted Plan of Engine and Tender, with Westinghodse Autohatic-b:
use-brake.
numhers in the eyigraviiws, see xtage 442.
' Attached.
End View of Locomotive, otth Westinghouse Automatic-brake Attached.
Westiwhksc-brake.
ksc-
For list of names o/»iejjartsdes*<moST^Jiiii»S«!''1 ihe engravings, seepage 442.
Fig. 656.
Inverted Plan of Engine and Tender, with Westinghouse Autosiatic-braee Attached.
End View of Locomotive, with Westtnghouse Automatic-brake Attac
Westinghouse-brake.
451
Fig. 658.
Section .
Three-way Cock, for Westingliouse-brahe.
Fig 633.
Plan.
Westinghouse-brake.
WESTINGHOUSE CAR-BRAKE.
List op "names of the Parts of the "Westinghouse-brake Attached to the Cars an-d Designated by the Numbers
in Figs. 660-663.
1. Auxiliary-reservoir , for
Car-brake.
2. Brake-cylinder, for Car-
brake.
3. Cross-head.
4. Cylinder-lever Bracket
5. Release-lever.
6. Release-lever Rod.
7. Release-spring Rod.
8. Release-spring.
9. Triple-valve.
10. Drain-cup.
11. Cylinder-levers.
12. Floating Connecting-
rod.
13. Brake-shaft Connecting-
rod.
14. Lower Brake-rod.
15. Brake-lever.
16. Floating-lever.
17. Secondary Brake-rod.
IS. Cylinder-lever Tie-rod.
19. Cylinder-lever Support.
20. Brake-pipe.
21. Auxiliary-reservoir
Bands.
22. Auxiliary-reservoir
Beams.
23. Auxiliary-reservoir
hippie.
24. Triple-valve Branch-
pipe.
25. Brake-cylinder Pipe.
26. Leakage-valve.
27. Conductor 's-valve Pipe.
28. Conductor s-valve Dis-
charge-pipe.
29. Stop-cock, for Brake-
pipe.
30. Brake-hose.
Westiup-h
o
For list of names of the parts designated by \
Fig. 660. Side View df Car, wif
he-brake.
numbers in the engraving seepage ±52.
455^
ZnN'GHOrSE ArTOHATlC-BRAKW ATTACHED.
Fig. 6C0. Snro View df Car, mmBpsriNGHor.SE Automatic-brake- Attached.
I
\>-
Westing;
For list of names of the parts designated &?
Fig. 661.
Inverted Pt.ax of Car, with "Westinghou
459
numbers in the engraving, see page 452.
iXTOHATIC-BTtAKE ATTACHED.
Westinghm
For list of names of the parts designated by the
brake.
459
mbers in the engraving, seepage 432.
Fig. 601.
Inverted Plan ok Car. with Westinohouse ftomatic-brake Attached.
Westinghouse-brake.
461
For list of names of the parts designated by the numbers in the engraving, see page 45^.
Fig. 663.
Transverse Section of Car, with Westtnqhouss
Automatic brake Attached .
462
Westimrhouse-brdke.
ENGINE AND AIR-PUMP, FOR WESTINGHOUSE-BRAKE.
List of Xaites of Parts of the Engine and Air-pump of TVestinghouse-bp. a k~f, Designated by the XnnjERS in Figs. 664-665.
2. £team Cylinder-head.
S. Steam-cylinder.
4. Centre-piece.
5. Air-cylinder.
6. Air-cylinder Head.
7. Steam-piston.
7'. Steam-piston Head.
8. Air-piston.
9. Packing-rings, for
Steam-piston.
Q'. Packing-rings, for Air-
piston.
10. Reverdng-valve Plate.
12. Reversing-valve Stem.
13. Reversina-valve.
14. Piston-head, for Upper
Steam-valve.
14'. Piston-head, for Lower
Steam-valve.
15. Piston Packing-ring, for
Upper Steam-valve.
16. Piston Packing-ring, for
Loicer Steam-valve.
17. Upper Steam-valve
Bushing.
18. Loiver Steam-valve
Bushing.
19. Reversing-cylinder.
20. Reversing-piston. 30.
21. Piston Packing-ring, for 31.
Reversing-piston. 32.
22. Reversing-cylinder Cap. 33.
23. Reversing-valve Bush- 34.
ijigr. 35.
24. Reversing-valve cap. 36.
25. Piston-rod Nut. 37.
26. Discharge-valve Stop- 44.
&otf. 45.
27. Piston-rod Packing-nut. 46.
28. Piston-i-od Packing- 47.
grZand. 48.
29. Right Chamber-cap.
Left Chamber-cap.
Discharge-valve Seat.
Upper Discharge-valve.
Loicer Discharge-valve.
Receiving-valve.
Union-joint, %-inch.
Union-joint, %-ineh,
Union-joint, lj£-inch.
Drain-cock, of Engine.
Steam-pipe.
Exhaust-pipe.
Supply-pipe.
Discharge-pipe.
JVcstinghouse-bra ke.
463
For list of names of the parts designated bij the numbers in the engraving, see page 462
Fig. 664.
Engine and Air-pump Complete, for Westinghouse-braee.
Side View.
464
Westinghouse-brake.
For list of names of the parts designated by the numbers in the engraving, see page 462 .
Fig. 665.
Engd^ and Air-pump Complete, for Westinghouse-brake.
Section.
Wcstinghottse-brake.
465
468
W^estmgko~us'e~t>rake.
8 3
£ a.
Westinghouse-b7'ake.
467
TRIPLE-VALVE, FOR WESTINGHOUSE-BRAKE.
List op Names of the Parts of the Triple and Leakage Valves of the Westinghocse-brake Designated by thb
1. Triple-valve.
2. Leakage-valve.
3. Drain-cup.
4. Triple-valve Piston.
5. Upper-cap, of Triple-
valve.
Numbers in Figs. 703-705.
6. Main-cap.
7. Gradv.ating-stem.
8. Graduating-spring.
9. Lower-cap.
10. Rubber Packing-ring.
11. Piston Packing-ring.
12. Slide-valve.
13. LeaJcage-valve Cap.
14. Leakage-valve Plug.
1 5. Leakage-valve Case.
18. Rubber-seat, for Leak-
age-valve.
17. Four-way-cock Plug,
for Leakage-valve.
IS. Drain-cock.
SO. Triple-valve Case.
BRAKE-HOSE COUPLING, FOR WESTINGHOUSE-BRAKE.
Xist of Names of the Parts of the Brake-hose Clutch-couplings for Westinghouse-brake Designated by the Numbers
in Figs. 715 and 716.
3. Brake-hose Coupling-
case.
4. Brake-hose Coupling-
cap.
5. Brake-hose Coupling-
valve.
6. Brake-hose Coupling-
valve Spring.
7. Packing-ring Washer. 10. Bralce-hose-coupling
8. Packing-ring. Packing-expander.
468
Westinghouse-bra ke.
For list of names of the parts designated by the numbers in the engravings, seepage 467.
fi<±
s«
/
/
/ »>' \
/' »A
/ .'».- '•>
':
L,
^ 1
'^'.^t=\
: k
[i
— im
Westingkouse-bra ke.
469
WESTINGHOUSE TENDER-BRAKE CYLINDER.
List of Naiies of the Parts of the Brake-cylinder for TVestinghouse Tender-brake Designated by the Numbers in
Figs. 737 and 728.
3". Piston-rod, for Tender-
2. Cylinder-body, for
Tender-brake. brake.
3. Piston, for Tender-brake. 4. Back Cylinder-head, for
3'. Piston-head', for Tender- Tender-brake.
brake. 5. Front Cylinder-head, for
Tender-brake.
6. Piston-sleeve, for Tender- 9. Piston Folloicer-bolt for
brake. Tender-brake.
7. Piston Follower-plate, 10. Piston-iDackinrj Exvand-
for Tender-brake. er, for Tender-brake.
8. Piston Packing-leather,
for Tender-brake.
Fig. 727. Brake-cylinder, for Westinglioiise Automatic Tender-bra7:e.
470
JWestinfrkouse-iraM.
For list of names of the parts designated by the numbers in the engraving, seepage 4:60.
Fig. 728.
BP. ASE-CYLrNTJE R,
For Westinghouse Automatic Tender-brake
Section.
Westinghouse-bra ke.
471
For list of names of the parts designated by the numbers in the engraving, see page 472.
16
H :-;
Fig. 729.
For Westinghouse Automatic Car-brake. Inverted Plan.
472
Westinghduse-irake.
WESTINGHOUSE CAR-
BRAKE CYLINDER.
List of Names of the Parts of BRAKE-
cylinders for westinghouse automatic
Car-brake. Designated by the Noibers et
Pigs. 72b and 7£0.
2. Cylinder-body, for Car-brake.
3. Piston, for Car-brake.
3'. Piston-head, for Car-brake.
3". Piston-rod, for Car-brake.
4. Back Cylinder-head, for Car-brake.
5. Front Cylinder-head, for Car-brake.
6. Cross-head, for Car-brake.
7. Cylinder-lever Bracket, for Car-brake.
8. Piston Follower-plate, for Car-brake.
9. Piston Packing-leather, for Car-brake.
10. Piston Packing-expander, for Car-
brake.
11. Piston Follou-er-bolt, for Car-brake.
12. Belease-lever, for Car-brake.
13. Release-lever Rod, for Car-brake.
14. Release- spring Rod, for Car-brake.
15. Release- spring, for Car-brake.
16. Release-spring Washer, for Car-brake.
17. Release-spring Bracket, for Car-brake.
IS. Release- spring Nuts, for Car-brake.
Fig. 730.
Brake-cylixder,
For Westinghouse Automatic Car-bralce,
Section.
Westinghouse-bra ke.
473
p?
I
fij
474
Westinzhouse
Driving-wheel Brake
WESTINGHOUSE DRIVING-WHEEL BRAKE.
List of Names of the Parts of
1. Cylinder, for Driving- 7.
wheel Brake.
2. Cylinder-body, for Driv- 8.
ing-ivlieel Brake.
3. Piston, for Driving-
wheel Brake. 9.
3'. Piston-head, for Driv-
ing-wheel Brake.
3". Piston-rod, for Driv- 10.
ing-wheel Brake.
4. Bottom Cylinder-head, 11.
for Driving-wheel
Brake.
5. Top Cylinder-head, for 12.
Driving-wheel Brake.
6. Cross-head, for Driving-
wheel Brake.
WESTTNGHOtTSE DRIVING-WHEEL,
Piston follower, for Driv- 13,
ing-wheel Brake.
Piston Packing-leather,
for Driving-wheel 15.
Brake.
Piston Packing-expander.
for Driving-wheel 16.
Brake.
Piston Follower-bolt, for , 17.
Driving-wheel Brake.
Piston-rod Packing-nut, 18.
for Driving-wheel
Brake.
Piston-rod Packing- 19.
leather, for Driving-
wheel Brake.
Brake Designated by the Numbers in Figs. 747-749.
Eccentric-lever, com- 23.
plete. for Driving-
wheel Brake.
Eccentric-lever Casting, 24.
for Driving-wheel
Brake.
Brake-shoe, for Driving- 25.
wheel Brake.
Brake-block, for Driv-
ing-wheel Brake. 26.
Eccentric-lever Nut, for
Driving-ivheel 27.
Brake.
Eccentric-lever Stud, for 28.
Driving-wheel Brake.
Brake-block Suspend-
ing-link, for Driving-
ivheel Brake.
Brake-block Suspending-
plate, for Driving-
ivheel Brake.
Brake-block Suspend-
ing-stud,for Driving-
ivheel Brake.
Brake-block Pin, for
Driving-wheel Brake.
Brake-block Pin-rod, for
Driving-wheel Brake.
Eccentric-lever Links, for
Driving-ivlieel Brake.
Westinghmise Driving-wheel Brake.
475
For list of names of the parts designated by the numbers in the engravings, see page 474.
i
Fig 47. Side Visiv. Westin-qhouse Driving- wheel Bkaee.
Fig. 74S. Transverse iection
Wcstinghouse Driving-wheel Brake.
For list of names of the parts designated by the numbers in the engraving, seepage 474.
Fig. 749.
Brake-cylinder,
For Westingkouse Driving-wheel Brake.
Section.
Street-cars.
477
STREET-CARS/
List of Names
1. Street-car Wheel.
2. Street-ear Axle.
3. Pedestal.
4. Journal-box.
5. Jaw-bit.
6. Side Journal-spring.
7. Spring-saddle.
8. Sill.
9. End-sill.
10. Transverse Floor-tim-
ber.
11. Sill Tie-rod.
12. Floor.
13. T77ieeZ-&o:c.
14. W7ieeZ-&oa; Button.
15. TFrndow-posf.
16. Sfrtd.
17. Corner-post.
OF THE PaKTS OF STREET-CAES
18. Door-post.
19. Belt-rail
20. Belt-rail Band.
21. Fender-rail.
22. Fender-guard.
23. Inverted Body-truss-
rod.
24. Inverted Body-queen-
post.
25. Inverted Truss-rod-
plate.
26. Turnbuckle.
27. Outside-panel.
28. Lower Outside-panel.
29. Upper End-panel.
30. Lower End-panel.
31. Inside Frieze-panel.
32. Panel-strip.
Designated by the Numbers
33. Panel-furring.
34. Seat-bottom, and Lon-
gitudinal seat.
35. Seat-leg.
36. Front Seat-rail.
37. Front Seat-bottom-
rail.
38. Baefc Seat-bottom-
rail.
39. fiaefc Seat-rail.
40. Loiver Seat-back-rail.
41. Upper Seat-back-rail.
42. Seat-back Board.
43. JEM Seat-panel.
4A. Upper Belt-rail.
45. Window-ledge.
46. Letter-board.
47. P/afe.
in Figs. 750-7c3.
48. Eaves-moidding.
49. WindowI)lind Rest.
50. TT'indozti-sas/i i?es£.
51. Outside Window-stop.
52. Inside Window-stop.
53. Garline.
54. Pud carline.
55. Poof-boards.
56 — 56. Clear-story.
57. Clear-story Bottom-
rail.
58. Clear-story Post.
59. Clear-story Window.
60. Clear-story Carline.
61. Clear-story End-venti-
lator.
62. Pnd Roof -lights.
63. Ventilator-hood.
478
Street-
cars.
64.
Window.
85.
Door-case Top-panel.
100.
Draw-timber.
119.
Platform-hood Mould-
65.
Window-rail.
86.
Door-case Sash.
102.
Platform-timber
ing.
66.
Windoiv-stile.
87.
Door-case Sash-but-
Clamps.
120.
Brake-shaft Crank.
67.
Window-lift.
ton.
103.
Platform End-timber.
121.
Brake-shaft Crank-
63.
Sash Parting-strip.
83.
Door Guard-band.
104.
Platform, or Platform-
handle.
69.
Window-blind.
89.
Fare-wicket and Fare-
floor.
122.
Brake-shaft.
70.
Window-blind Stile.
wicket Door.
105.
Platform-timber Band.
123.
Upper Brake-shaft
71.
Windczv-blind Rail.
90.
Fare-icicket Door-
106.
Draw-hook.
Bearing.
72.
Wi:idoii--blind Mullion.
case.
107.
Helper-ring.
124.
Lower Brake-shaft
73.
Window-blind Lift.
91.
Sliding-door Handle.
108.
Platform-post.
Bearing.
74.
Lamp-case.
91.
' Door-sheave.
109.
Base-washer, for Plat-
125.
Brake Ratchet-iuheel.
75.
Lamp-case Door.
92.
Door-latch Plate.
form-post.
126.
Brake-pawl.
76.
Lamp-case Chimney.
92.
' Sliding-door Holder.
110.
Platform-rail.
127.
Brake-shaft Chain.
77.
Window-guards.
93.
Door-sill.
111.
Dash-guard.
128.
Brake-shaft Connect-
78.
Door-stile.
94.
Inside Hand-rail.
112.
Dash-guard Straps.
ing-rod.
79.
Door-mullion.
95.
Inside Hand-rail
113.
Body Hand-rail.
129.
Centre Brake-lever.
80.
Dooi'-icindoiv Midlion.
Bracket.
114.
Platform-step, or Side-
130.
Centre Brake-lever
81.
Middle or Lock Door-
96.
Hand-straps.
step.
Spider.
rail.
97.
Signal-bell.
115.
Platfo rm-h ood.
132.
Secondary Brake-rod.
82.
Top Door-rail.
98.
Bell-strap.
116.
Platform-hood Bow.
133.
Brake-beam.
83.
Door-case Top-rail.
99.
Bell-strap Guide.
117.
Platform-hood Car-
134.
Brake-hanger.
84.
Door-case Intermediaste-
99.
' Bell-strap Guide, with
line.
135.
Brake-head.
rail.
Boiler.
118.
Platform-hood Knee.
136.
Rubber-tread.
Street-cars.
479
For list of names of the parts designated by the numbers in the engraving, see page 477
SsK
■ IM 104
Fig. 750.
Strest-car.
Longitudinal Section.
480
street-cars.
For list of names of the parts designated by the numbers in the engraving, seepage ill.
OT22
Showing Floor-seats, etc. Fig. 751.
Half-plan of Street-cab.
Showing Framing.
Street-cars.
481
For list of names of the part? desijnated by the numbers in the engravings, see page -17
:G3
? 12) ^
JEVia Fi'ew, showing Framing.
Street-car.
Section.
483
Street-car Furnishings.
Fig. 754.
Bell-strap Guide.
Fig. 756.
Bell-strap Guide, with
Screw-top.
Fig. 757.
Bell-strap Guide,
with Roller.
Fig. 755.
Bell-strap Guide.
Fig. 758.
Inside Hand-rail
Bracket.
Fig. 765.
Slidtng-door Friction-
roller.
Fig. 764.
Slidtng-door Sheave.
Fig. 761. Fig. 760.
Sliding-door
Latch and Keeper.
Fig. 766.
Signal-bell.
Fig.
Lamp-case Hook and Eye.
Fig. 76S.
Eccentric Window-button.
Fig. 769.
Lamp-case Door-holder.
Fig. 770.
Clear-story
■Window-pivot.
Fig. 771.
Clear-story
Window -pivot
Plate.
Hand-cars.
483
HAND-CARS.
List op Names op the Parts of Hand-cars Designated by the Numbers in Figs. 773-775.
Hand-ear Wheel.
Axle.
Journal-box.
Pinion.
Gear-ivheel.
6. Crank-shaft.
9. End-sills.
10. Floor-timbers.
11. Cross- frame Tie-timber.
12. Seat.
13. Seat-braeket.
14. Seat-bracket Brace.
7. Crankshaft Bearings. 15. Seat-riser.
8. Sills.
16. Floor.
17. Lever-frame Post.
18. Lever-frame Cap.
19. Hand-car Lever.
20. Lever-handle.
21. Lever-shaft.
22. Lever-shaft Bearings.
23. Bell-crank.
24. Connecting-rod.
25. Lever-frame Tie-rod.
26. Hand-car Truss-rod.
27. Brake-beam,
28. Brake-beam Hanger.
29. Brake-head.
30. Brake-rod.
31. Brake-lever.
32. Brake-lever Fulcrum,
484
Hand-cars.
For list of names of the parts designated by the numbers in the engraving, see page 483.
J2
Fig. 772. Hand-cab, Pennsylvania Railkoad.
Side View.
Hand-cars.
485
For list of names of the parts designated by the numbers in the engraving, seepage 483.
i21 ?Z
Fig. 773.
Hand-car, Pennsylvania Bailroad.
Longitudinal Section.
486
For list of names of the parts designated by the numbers in the engraving, see page 483.
Fig. 774. Hand-car, Pennsylvania Railroad. Plan.
Hand-cars.
4S7
For list of names of the parts designated by the numbers in the engraving, see page 483.
J 22 J 22
Fig. 775. Hand-car, Pennsylvania Railroad. Transverse Section.
488
Sundries.
Fig. 776. Fig. IT!. Fig. 778.
T.Iachtne-bolt, Machine-bolt, Carriage-e
square-head. Hexagon-head.
Fig. 785.
Washer, or Plate-washer,
Fig. 783.
Bevelkd-washer.
Fig. 787.
iRIANGCLAR-WASHEn.
Fig. 7887~
Pocket-washer
Fig. 779.
Las-screw.
Fig. 789.
DOUTJLE-WASBER.
o
JV(C. 780.
Lug-bolt.
Car-washer.
Fig. 790.
Single-screw Turnbuchle.
Fig. 791.
Eight akd Left Screw Tcrnbuckle.
Screw-threads, Tools, etc.
489
go:
A
Fig. 794.
Enlarged Section op V Screw-thread.
Fig. 795.
Enlarged Section op Whitworth Screw -thread .
0 ...,,._. .,..^...— -----
Jfiff. 796.
Enlarged Section of Sellers Screw-thread.
ififli. 797.
External Screw-gauge.
Fig. 798.
Internal Screw-gauge
490
Screzv-t /treads, Tools, etc.
Screw-thread Gaug3.
Fig. 801.
Hydraulic Jack.
Fig. 802.
Fig. 803.
Hydraulic Jack- Block, or Pulley-block.
Trusses.
491
TRUSSES.
.list op the Names of the Pabts or Trusses
Designated by the Numbers in IiS'ig-s. 804-
811.
1. Truss-rod.
2. Truss-rod Washer.
3. Truss-rod Bearing.
3/ Truss-rod Saddle.
4. Truss-block.
5. King-post.
6. Queen-post.
7. Skew-back.
8. Brace.
9. Counter-brace.
10. Brace-rod.
11. Counter-brace Rod.
12. Jbs*.
13. Top-chord.
14. Lower-chord.
15. FerftcaZ-rod.
.Kg. 804.
King-post Truss.
.Fi'S. 805.
King-post Truss.
2
[3
s¥>
o
Si '
i\
^
^
>
s%
JY3. 806.
Queen-post Truss.
14
Fig. 807.
Queen-post Truss.
b 14
Fig. 808.
Pratt or "Whipple Truss.
Fig. 810.
Trussed-beam .
Fig. 811.
Trussed-eeae.
V
Advertisements.
[See Hie Index to Advertisements following the Preface.]
S^LF-FlTTING JOTJBNAL BEARINGS
PATENTED BY D. A. HOPKINS
November 15, 1 870.
FJ
These Bearings are made with an auxiliary hearing, usually a thin lining of lead, secured to the hard metal bearing and consti-
tuting a yielding mould into which the journal quickly imbeds and fits itself by pressure; the lining yielding and adjusting itself to the size
and form of the journal to which the bearing is applied before the pressure becomes great enough at any point to expel the oil from be-
tween the journal and bearing, and thereby cause heating.
Both the Eastern and Western Railroad Associations, together with other high authorities in Patent Cases, after a full and thorough
examination of the Hopkins Patent /or Self-Fitting Journal Bearings (dated November 15, 1870), and of the facts and proof s as to
priority of the invention of said Bearings, have conceded the validity and defensibility of said Patent. (It will surely be defended.)
All parties are hereby cautioned against the use of Self-Fatting Journal Bearings, unless procured from said Hopkins, or from
other manufacturers duly licensed by him, whether said bearings purport to be lined with pure lead or not, and whether the lining is held
in place on the hard metal bearing by soldering or by any other means.
The Patent is for the SELF-FITTING- Bearing and not for any special niode of securing* the lining in
place, and is not restricted to the use of pure lead as a lining.
Steer clear of Pirates and Frauds ; they will use honest men for their own advantage, desert them when legal trouble comes, and will,
I in nearly all cases, palm off an inferior article. Their dishonesty toward inventors is nearly certain to be extended to all their transactions.
In ordering, send pattern of bearing, and state length and diameter of journal t when new.) Before applying bearings, carefully re-
I move from the journal all rust and dried paint. Do not try to fit the Bearing to the Journal. It will fit itself.
Orders respectfully solicited and promptly filled by the undersigned, as well as by authorized manufacturers; a list of whom will be
furnished on application, to
D. A. HOPKINS, Patentee and Manufacturer,
No. 113 Liberty Street, New York.
The following' cuts illustrate the working of Lead-Lined Bearings ; the heavy black line showing the lead lining, which in bearing's for
use, is best when made about one-sixteenth of an inch thick. 6
Bearing- not Lear> Lined,
Searing- Lead-Lined*
Bearing- not Lead-Lined,
Bearing Lead-Lined,
Bearing too small for Journal. Bearing too small for Journal. Journal worn small, Bearing Journal worn small. Lead
Binds on the sides. Sure Lead pressed from sides fills touches only along centre ' pressed from centre fills
to run hot. up along the centre. of top. Likely to up along sides. Sure
Sure to r«n cool. run hot. to run cool.
Bearing not Lead* Lined,
Bearing Lead-Lined,
Journal cut, rough, and small. Sure to run hot.
[over.]
Journal cut, rough, and small, but sure to run cool.
The following cuts illustrate a construction and form of journal-bearing and kev by which, as compared with the bearing and kev of usual
construction, the following objects are secured, viz.: Diminished first cost of bearing, without decrease in its durability. Greatly reduced
cost of renewing worn bearings. Exemption from ruinous cutting of the journal and breakingof the learin* in case of the journal becomin?
heated. Perfect alignment of the bearing with the journal from the first. Proper distribution of weight along the journal at a'l times
whether the journal-box does or does not tip. Diminished liability to heating of the journal, and greatly increased durability of the bearing-'
An essential reduction in power required to move trains.
EXPLANATION OF ENGRAVINGS.
Kis the key, its back being made circular to fit a corresponding recess cast in the under side of the top of the box while its under side
has a rounded recess running across it for receiving the rounded ridge R B, running across the back of the bearing, and 'upon which the load
upon the bearing is always received, and thence properly distributed along the journal. Said key readily turns laterally with the bearing, to
enable the latter to conform to the alignment of the journal. 1 B is the back or load-carrying part of the bearing, and is made of steel or of
the strongest soft cast iron. In the bearing, W Jfis the wearing or anti-fri jtion metal for the wear of the journal, and, as shown in this case,
is a solid brasseasting. with a flange at each end for the wear of the collars of the j imrnal. until the intermediate part is worn cut by the
journal. .4 B is ihe soft linh.g of the bearing, by which it ismade self-ritting. Attheendof the axle, IF .Vis a removable plate of brass for
receiving and restricting the end thrust of the axle, which is thereby kept within desirable limits. When the wearing metal. W M. is worn
out. a new one is substituted in its place, the same back. 1 B, being used. Thousands of these backs are now in use, in which the wearing
metal has been manv times renewed. The pendant lip at the outer end of the bearing may b i omitted when desirable. These backs, made
as above, never break. Orders respectful.}- solicited and promptly filled by D. A. HOPKINS, 113 Liberty Street, New York, Patentee and
Sole Manufacturer.
THE BEST CHEAP JOURNAL BEARINGS ever offered to the public are THE HOPKINS COMBINATION BEARINGS.
Thev appear to be just what they are, instead of being, like so-called cheap brass bearings, made up of a villainous mixture, in which
every element of real excellence and reliability is sacrificed in the effort to make them appear like really good metal .
They wear the journal as little, if not less, than any others.
They are less likely to cause heating of the journal than the best brass bearings.
They do not break in pieces or spread out as solid brass bearings do, in case of the journal becoming extremely hot.
Their cost is only about one- halt" that of brass bearings.
They out-wear any brass bearings ever made.
They cost less to renew, when worn, than any others.
They are made to fit any f orm of journal-box, but cannot, with safety, be made as thin as brass bearings are sometimes made .
Before applying them, remove from the journal allrust and dried paint.
In ordering, send tracing of the journal (when new) for which they are wanted, as well as of brass bearings used.
Orders respectfully solicited and promptly filled by D. A. HOPKINS, 113 Liberty street, New York, Patentee and Sole Manufacturer.
. is a cross section
Fig. 1. Fig- 2.
In the above cuts, fig. 1 is a longtitudinal section, along the centre, of the Hopkins Combination Bearing, and fig
of the same near the centre thereof. . ,
/. B, is the back, or load-carrying part of the bearing, and is made of the strongest soft cast-iron, or of steel. C, B. is a contingent
bearing made ot the best brass for journal bearings, and is secured to said back by a spur g, riveted into the back. IK, M, is the wear-
ing <or antifriction) metal, part of the bearing thoroughly held in its place, and designed to receive the principal wear of the journal.
Th3 dark h»avy line, A, B. is the auxi iarv, or self -fitting, pare of the bearing. The wearing metal, W M. is a very hard and remarkably
gr od anti-friction metal, requiring a red heat to melt it. In case of the journal becoming so extremely hot as to melt out the wearing metal
( W M), the journal will be received and run upon the contingent (brass) bearing, which, being supported and held in place by the iron back,
cannot be broken, or escape from its position, and will last to run thousands of miles.
HOPKINS' PATENT SELF-FITTING
Journal Bearings,
FOR RAILWAY CARS AND ENGINES.
The only RELIABLE, NON-HEATING BRASSES in use, and, for the same distance run, the CHEAPESVc
Patent pronounced valid by both the Eastern and Western Railroad Associations.
MADE BY
OEO. PL MENEELY <fc CO.,
West Troy, IV. "Vo
ALSO MANUFACTURERS OF
MENEELY'S PATENT BELL-METAL-ENDED
CUT SHOWXNO PATENT Bn>. JOURNAL BEARINGS
(either self-fitting or plain), whicli greatly obviate the end-weai caused by the collar and shoulder of the axle, and the thrust and jarring
caused thereby.
Circular, with "List of 350 different Patterns, sent free upon application.
3 9088 01248 7609
Pli
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